Ballast minerals and the sinking carbon flux in the ocean: carbon-specific respiration rates and sinking velocity of marine snow aggregates

Iversen, Morten Hvitfeldt; Ploug, Helle

doi:10.5194/bg-7-2613-2010

Cited by 281 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Our treatments encompassed three acidification scenarios and five concentrations of the clay illite contained in cylindrical 5 liter rolling tanks rotating at 1 rpm on a roller table. Tanks were incubated at 14uC in continuous darkness for 44 to 48 h. Solid body rotation was established within 3 h (Ploug et al 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles

Passow¹,

Rocha²,

Fairfield³

et al. 2014

Limnology & Oceanography

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A laboratory experiment was designed to investigate the effects of ocean acidification (three levels) in the presence or absence of the clay mineral illite (five concentrations) on the coagulation of organic particles. The formation of aggregates . 1 mm from marine detritus and phytoplankton, and their characteristics and sinking velocity, were monitored during the 48 h experiment. Aggregation of particulate organic carbon (POC) was independent of both partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P CO2 ) and illite addition, implying that the fraction of POC available for export is not affected by either mineral supply or ocean acidification conditions up to ambient + 52.7 Pa P CO2 (+ 520 ppm). This was true even though the illite appreciably influenced aggregate size, number, and characteristics, including the percentage of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) incorporated in aggregates. Carbonate chemistry, in the presence of illite, did affect particle formation by clay, carbon, and TEP at the micrometer scale (allocation between dissolved and particulate pools). Our experiment did not resolve processes on this scale well and it remains to be seen if such shifts in the size spectrum of organic carbon and minerals are relevant for the biological pump. High illite content led to small aggregates with a low average sinking velocity. In the absence of biological changes to particle production or loss, coagulation of POC, which is central to the biological pump, is not influenced by ocean acidification or dust input, but sinking velocity and, hence, flux attenuation of POC are likely to be affected by changes in dust input.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles

Passow¹,

Rocha²,

Fairfield³

et al. 2014

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…However, as pointed out by Richardson and Jackson (2007), export efficiency of small plankton cells is likely greater than thought and can be enhanced by aggregation processes which could act as trophic lifts. Moreover, recent experiments comparing the effect of the incorporation of biogenic minerals from different sources into marine aggregates on their decomposition and sinking velocities have shown that ballasting by carbonate increased sinking velocities and reduced respiration rate compared to aggregates ballasted by opal (Iversen and Ploug, 2010). Leblanc et al (2009) suggested sedimentation of diatoms in the form of aggregates based on the correspondence between TEP and biogenic silica at depth, while they also observed TEP associated with prymnesiophytes in the surface layer.…”

Section: Implications Of Phytoplankton Community Structure For Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, as reported before Leblanc et al, 2009), PIC concentration is probably not a good indicator of in situ coccolithophore biomass but rather is an accumulative signal of present and prior calcification activity on short temporal time scale. This temporal decoupling is further complicated by TEP-mediated aggregation of coccoliths or their incorporation into faecal pellets after grazing, promoting the rapid disappearance of high reflectance remote sensing patches and potentially enhancing carbon export efficiency due to increased sinking velocity (De La Rocha and Passow, 2007;Harlay et al, 2009;Iversen and Ploug, 2010).…”

Section: Implications Of Phytoplankton Community Structure For Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton community dynamics during late spring coccolithophore blooms at the continental margin of the Celtic Sea (North East Atlantic, 2006–2008)

Oostende

Harlay

Vanelslander

et al. 2012

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe determined the spatial and temporal dynamics of major phytoplankton groups in relation to biogeochemical and physical variables during the late spring coccolithophore blooms (May-June) along and across the continental margin in the Celtic Sea (2006Sea ( -2008. Photosynthetic biomass (chl a) of the dominant plankton groups was determined by CHEMTAX analysis of chromatographic (HPLC) pigment signatures.Phytoplankton standing stock biomass varied substantially between and during the campaigns (areal chl a [mg chl a m À2 ] in June 2006: 63.8 ± 26.5, May 2007: 27.9 ± 8.4, and May 2008: 41.3 ± 21.8), reflecting the different prevailing conditions of weather, irradiance, and sea surface temperature between the campaigns. Coccolithophores, represented mainly by Emiliania huxleyi, and diatoms were the dominant phytoplankton groups, with a maximal contribution of, respectively, 72% and 89% of the total chl a. Prasinophytes, dinoflagellates, and chrysophytes often co-occurred during coccolithophorid blooms, while diatoms dominated the phytoplankton biomass independently of the biomass of other groups. The location of the stations on the shelf or on the slope side of the continental margin did not influence the biomass and the composition of the phytoplankton community despite significantly stronger water column stratification and lower nutrient concentrations on the shelf. The alternation between diatom and coccolithophorid blooms of similar biomass, following the mostly diatom-dominated main spring bloom, was partly driven by changes in nutrient stoichiometry (N:P and dSi:N). High concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) were associated with stratified, coccolithophore-rich water masses, which probably originated from the slope of the continental margin and warmed during advection onto the shelf. Although we did not determine the proportion of export production attributed to phytoplankton groups, the abundance of coccolithophores, together with TEP and coccoliths may affect the carbon export efficiency through increased sinking rates of particles formed by aggregation of TEP and coccoliths.

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“…( and ) Sinking POC is a component of marine snow (marsnow) and as such is respired by heterotrophic bacteria (bacterial respiration, BR) at a rate of = 0.13 −1 (Iversen and Ploug, 2010). Sinking rates ( ) of organic material from PP and SP were adopted from Turner (2002) SP carcasses are assumed equivalent to detritus entangled in sinking marine snow and respired as such (Iversen and Ploug, 2010;Tang and Elliott, 2013).…”

Section: _66mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sinking rates ( ) of organic material from PP and SP were adopted from Turner (2002) SP carcasses are assumed equivalent to detritus entangled in sinking marine snow and respired as such (Iversen and Ploug, 2010;Tang and Elliott, 2013). We assumed a consumption rate similar to that of sinking faecal pellets ( _ , from Eq.…”

Section: _66mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure factors for marine eutrophication impacts assessment based on a mechanistic biological model

Cosme

Koski

Hauschild

2015

Ecological Modelling

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Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA):Cosme, N. M. D., Koski, M., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2015). Exposure factors for marine eutrophication impacts assessment based on a mechanistic biological model. Ecological Modelling, 317, 50-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.005 Cosme et al. / Ecological Modelling 317 (2015 AbstractEmissions of nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic sources enrich marine waters and promote planktonic growth. This newly synthesised organic carbon is eventually exported to benthic waters where aerobic respiration by heterotrophic bacteria results in the consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO). This pathway is typical of marine eutrophication. A model is proposed to mechanistically estimate the response of coastal marine ecosystems to N inputs. It addresses the biological processes of nutrient-limited primary production (PP), metazoan consumption, and bacterial degradation, in four distinct sinking routes from primary (cell aggregates) and secondary producers (faecal pellets, carcasses, and active vertical transport). Carbon export production (P E ) and ecosystems eXposure Factors (XF), which represents a nitrogen-to-oxygen 'conversion' potential, were estimated at a spatial resolution of 66 large marine ecosystem (LME), five climate zones, and site-generic. The XFs obtained range from 0.45 (Central Arctic Ocean) to 15.9 kgO 2 ·kgN -1 (Baltic Sea). While LME resolution is recommended, aggregated P E or XF per climate zone can be adopted, but not global aggregation due to high variability. The XF is essential to estimate a marine eutrophication impacts indicator in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of anthropogenic-N emissions. Every relevant process was modelled and the uncertainty of the driving parameters considered low suggesting valid applicability in characterisation modelling in LCIA.

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Ballast minerals and the sinking carbon flux in the ocean: carbon-specific respiration rates and sinking velocity of marine snow aggregates

Cited by 281 publications

References 55 publications

Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles

Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles

Phytoplankton community dynamics during late spring coccolithophore blooms at the continental margin of the Celtic Sea (North East Atlantic, 2006–2008)

Exposure factors for marine eutrophication impacts assessment based on a mechanistic biological model

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