Ballistic performance of additive manufacturing 316l stainless steel projectiles based on topology optimization method

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is increasingly being recognized as a favourable method for producing large-scale products. The microstructural evolution during the solidification of molten pool in WAAM is influenced by factors such as heat input and the deposited layer sequence. In this study, the impact of different layering sequences on grain growth, microstructure, and mechanical properties was investigated by depositing Inconel 825 alloy using gas metal arc welding. Different layering sequences were employed to minimize the development of columnar grains that typically outcome from oscillating beads and bead upon bead within a single layer. The unidirectional heat flow in conventional layering techniques encourages grain growth in the direction of the heat source, with grains forming at the fusion boundaries and growing upwards. At the interface between previously solidified beads and the liquid metal, nucleation and epitaxial grain growth occur, prominent to the formation of transverse columnar grains, with their size determined by the grain structure of the preceding layer. While traditional stacking sequences tend to produce columnar grains, a zigzag layering approach was found to refine grain growth by disrupting the direction of heat flow and grain development. This resulted in smaller, more fragmented grains, which enhanced the isotropic properties of the material. The study further demonstrated that the anisotropic behavior of wire arc additively manufactured components is closely related to grain growth direction and size, both of which are significantly influenced by the layering sequence. The zigzag layering sequence not only improved hardness and tensile strength compared to conventional layering methods but also enhanced the resolution and linearity of the deposited walls.

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Ballistic performance of additive manufacturing 316l stainless steel projectiles based on topology optimization method

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Differences in ballistic performance induced by building direction of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel cylindrical projectiles

Differences in ballistic performance induced by building direction of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel cylindrical projectiles

Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured aluminum deposit on copper substrate

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property Enhancement in WAAM Components

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