Ballistic variables and tissue devitalisation in penetrating injury—establishing relationship through meta-analysis of a number of pig tests

Differentiation Potential of Multipotent Progenitor Cells Derived from War-Traumatized Muscle Tissue

“…it initiates a number of events, including cell necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation 1,2 . While much of the initial damage is largely the result of necrosis and can be seen within the first twenty-four hours, delayed tissue death may result from induced programmed cell death or vascular compromise and may not be apparent for several days after the initial event 3 .…”

“…Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the availability of regenerative cells in débrided tissues that are potentially applicable for tissue engineering. Our specific aims were (1) to isolate viable cells from tissues obtained at the time of débridement surgery, (2) to determine whether the cells express surface markers that are characteristic of multipotent progenitor cells, and (3) to assess the regenerative potential of these cells by testing their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro.…”

Deaths resulting from the use of firearms by police against motor vehicles: Study of cases in Porto, Portugal

“…When bullets strike motor vehicle structures, their behaviour will be influenced by a number of factors including their velocity, energy and construction (mass, shape and material properties), as well as the angle of incidence 10 and material they pass through (metal or glass). The terminal wound ballistics performance in the body of the occupants of the vehicles will essentially depend on the bullet's characteristics, 11,12,8 the effects arising from the interaction with the vehicle's structure, 8 the occurrence of fragmentation and/ or deformation of the bullets, 11 the amount of kinetic energy and momentum 12 with which the bullets strike human tissue, 11,13 the nature of the affected tissues 14,15 and the anatomical area and anatomical structures that are impacted. 15 The most common bullet associated with police shootings is the 9 mm Luger full metal jacket (FMJ) round nose.…”

Perforation of fragment simulating projectiles into goat skin and muscle

“…Dogs are believed to be a poor substitute in modelling ballistic trauma in humans3 and the few published results in the literature lack conformity due to the great variation in skin properties between breeds 15. Porcine muscle is believed to be a good analogy of human muscle for ballistic testing;5 13 16 however, the published evidence consists of a single paper,4 which showed good correlation between pig muscle and 20% gelatin at higher velocities but poor correlation at lower ones (<500 m/s). Pig skin is coarser and thicker than human skin,17 reflecting significantly different biomechanical properties, especially in terms of elasticity and tensile strength due to the greater density of collagen fibres;17 it is therefore accepted to be a poor substitute for human skin in terms of ballistic testing 5 18…”