Ballistics ordnance gelatine – How different concentrations, temperatures and curing times affect calibration results

Maiden, Nicholas R.; Fisk, Wesley; Wachsberger, Christian; Byard, Roger W.

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.05.019

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, increasing gelatin's Bloom number changed amino acid contents and increased the amount of proline and hydroxyproline, which further affect the solubility of the gelatin (Kempka et al, 2014). Others have correlated the Bloom index of gelatin with gel strength as determined by ballistic penetration depth (Maiden et al, 2015). Gelatins having high Bloom numbers were also used as coatings for porous hydroxyapatite ceramics to increase the compressive strength (6-fold) (Dressler et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the importance of Bloom number of gelatin to the development of biodegradable in situ gelling copolymers for intracameral drug delivery

Chou

Luo

Lai

et al. 2016

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the importance of Bloom number of gelatin to the development of biodegradable in situ gelling copolymers for intracameral drug delivery

Chou

Luo

Lai

et al. 2016

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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“…Certain conditions can affect the ability of gelatin to calibrate and should be given consideration, such as curing temperature and time 14. MacPherson has previously suggested that overpenetration in gelatin is common 18.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gelatin has been frequently employed as a soft tissue simulant in terminal ballistic studies 10–16. It can be manufactured either via acid pretreatment (Type A) or alkali pretreatment (Type B) and is available across a range of strength and stiffness, designated by the ‘Bloom number’.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic gelatin calibration standardisation

2020

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IntroductionA review of ballistic gelatin calibration standards has highlighted that data used from studies with different calibrations methods may not be able to be compared. Calibration of ballistic gelatin did not occur until the mid-1980s when Fackler recognised the deficiencies of uncalibrated gelatin. He determined that the calibration standard should be 85±5 mm of ball bearing penetration for a 180 m/s impact velocity. This study looks to improve on and optimise current ballistic gelatin calibration standardsMethodsNine 0.177 cal (4.5 mm) spheres were fired using a Daisy Powerline air rifle at velocities between 134 m/s and 224 m/s at 25 gelatin blocks (n=225). Velocities were measured using an Oehler Model 36 Chronograph with three Model 57 screens. Depth of penetration (DoP) was measured from the entry surface to the back end of the sphere via a Mitutoyo Absolute vernier calliper.ResultsThe R-squared regression model showed that all batches had a close fit to the regression line. Using the R-squared regression model, the equation y=0.584x – 20.02 (where x is the velocity) returned a DoP of 84.918 mm for a 180 m/s impact and therefore needed minimal adjustment to align with Fackler’s 85 mm DoP. The equation can be adjusted to y=0.584x – 20.12 to return a DoP of 85 mm for 180 m/s.ConclusionsWe propose that the calibration standard of ballistic gelatin with 4.5 mm spheres is DoP=0.584x – 20.12 where DoP is the depth of penetration (mm) and x is the impact velocity (m/s), The measured DoP should be within 5% of the calculated DoP.

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“…Ballistics gelatin (VYSE® Professional Grade Ballistic Gelatin, Custom Collagen, Addison, IL) was prepared in accordance with standard methods at a gelatin concentration of 11% weight by weight ( w / w ) [ 11 , 19 ]. The characteristics of the water and buffers used for dissolving the gelatin are presented in Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting use of ballistics gelatin in laboratory studies of bacterial contamination in projectile wounds

et al. 2018

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BackgroundBallistics gelatin is a common tissue surrogate used in bacterial contamination models for projectile wounds. Although these studies have demonstrated that bacteria are transferred from the surface of the gelatin to the wound track by a projectile, quantifiable results have been inconsistent and not repeatable in successive tests.MethodsIn this study, five areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial recovery or survival are affected were identified for optimization. The first was a contaminated “skin” surrogate, where the novel use of vacuum filtration of a bacterial culture and buffer onto filter paper was employed. The other possibly problematic areas of the bacterial distribution model included the determination of bacterial survival when the contamination model is dried, survival in solid and molten gelatin, and the effect of high-intensity lights used for recording high-speed video.ResultsVacuum filtration of bacteria and buffer resulted in a consistent bacterial distribution and recovery. The use of phosphate buffer M9 (pH 7) aided in neutralizing the ballistics gelatin and improving bacterial survival in solid gelatin. Additionally, the use of high-intensity lights to record high-speed video and the use of a 42°C water bath to melt the gelatin were found to be bactericidal for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.ConclusionsMultiple areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial survival may be impeded were identified, and methods were proposed to improve survival in each area. These methods may be used to optimize the results of bacterial contamination models for medical applications, such as understanding the progression of infection in penetrating wounds and to identify possible sources of contamination for forensic purposes.

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Ballistics ordnance gelatine – How different concentrations, temperatures and curing times affect calibration results

Cited by 34 publications

References 7 publications

On the importance of Bloom number of gelatin to the development of biodegradable in situ gelling copolymers for intracameral drug delivery

On the importance of Bloom number of gelatin to the development of biodegradable in situ gelling copolymers for intracameral drug delivery

Ballistic gelatin calibration standardisation

Factors affecting use of ballistics gelatin in laboratory studies of bacterial contamination in projectile wounds

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