“…Non-performance loans, as a percentage of default loans to total loans, was widely used in the literature on banks and risk, and efficiency indicators (Bernini & Brighi, 2017;Delis, Staikouras, & Tsoumas, 2016;Delis & Staikouras, 2011;Morgan & Pontines, 2018;Nguyen, Ta, & Nguyen, 2018;Sahyouni & Wang, 2018;Shihadeh & Liu, 2019). Therefore, this investigation follows the previous studies in using non-performing loans as a risk indicator.…”