“…The literature supports using the following distinct measures of bank performance as summarized in Fernandes, Farinha, Martins, and Mateus's (2018) survey of literature: stock returns, Tobin's Q, ROE, ROA, accounting earnings, cost efficiency, profit efficiency, total interest plus noninterest expenses divided by assets, bank losses, non-performing assets, financial reactions based on CAMELS indicators, pre-tax operating income, net interest margin (NIM), return on average assets (ROAA), return on average equity (ROAE), loan losses, EBIT over total assets, likelihood to participate in bailout program, and amount of bailout funds. Additional research was conducted, and the literature supports the three most common measures of bank profitability: ROE, ROA, and NIM.…”