“…Heitz, Martin, and Ufier (2022) provide empirical evidence that bank monitoring (e.g., via on-site inspections) andNini, Smith, and Sufi (2012) that actions taken by creditors improve borrower performance, lending support to our modelling in (39) that a t boosts firm performance.31 Note that an infinite cost of effort, i.e., κ → ∞, implies a t = 0, thus giving our baseline case.32 While this model extension relates to dynamic agency models with moral hazard over monitoring(Piskorski and Westerfield, 2016;Malenko, 2019;Gryglewicz, Mayer, and Morellec, 2021), the key novelty is that it considers a financially constrained principal, here the firm's shareholders.…”