“…In this line, GDP has a negative effect on managers' view (ROA) and a positive influence on shareholders' perspective (ROE), following other studies (Issah and Antwi, 2017;Ndlovu and Alagidede, 2018). Thus, for managers, an increase in the GDP can lead to more aggressive competitiveness (for example, reduced margins), which decreases results and, consequently, performance (Neves et al, 2022). However, shareholders have a broader vision, and for them, GDP will positively influence performance because economic growth will bring about company growth through more investment and consumption (Garcia and Guerreiro, 2016).…”