Banned and discouraged-use ingredients found in weight loss supplements

Eichner, Sara; Maguire, Michelle; Shea, Leticia A.; Fete, Matthew G.

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.03.013

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…BMPEA and related compounds continue to be detected as adulterants in preworkout and weight loss supplements, despite being banned by the FDA (Cohen et al, 2016;Eichner et al, 2016;Rasmussen and Keizers, 2016). The main objective of the present work was to examine the pharmacology of BMPEA and its N-methylated analogs, MPPA and DMPPA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BMPEA and related compounds show a distinct preference for releasing activity at NETs over DATs, and do not produce motor activation, suggesting the compounds will have minimal abuse potential. On the other hand, since these analogs are still being found in preworkout and weight loss supplements that are not routinely tested for safety (Cohen et al, 2016;Eichner et al, 2016;Rasmussen and Keizers, 2016), the risk for cardiovascular side effects remains a possibility in vulnerable individuals. Future studies should examine the pharmacology and toxicology of other amphetaminerelated compounds that are present as adulterants in supplements (e.g., N,a-diethylphenethylamine), since consumers are being unknowingly exposed to these substances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dietary supplements are used by a significant portion of the population, and many supplement products contain ingredients that are not properly listed on the label. The phenomenon of unlisted ingredients is well established for supplements that are promoted for body building and performance enhancement (i.e., preworkout supplements) (Eichner et al, 2016;Rasmussen and Keizers, 2016). As a specific example, preworkout supplements that list the Southwestern scrub plant Acacia rigidula as an ingredient often contain b-methylphenethylamine [(BMPEA, 2-phenylpropan-1-amine], a structural isomer of amphetamine (1-phenylpropan-2-amine).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that products containing BMPEA were adulterated and banned their sale in 2015 (Pawar and Grundel, 2017). Despite the fact that BMPEA and related adulterants are banned by the FDA, chemical analogs often still appear in supplement products (Eichner et al, 2016). Many of these compounds have not been fully tested for safety, and as a result individuals using these supplements may be at risk for serious medical complications (Venhuis et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Supplement Adulterant β-Methylphenethylamine Increases Blood Pressure by Acting at Peripheral Norepinephrine Transporters

Schindler

Thorndike

Rice

et al. 2019

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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b-Methylphenethylamine [(BMPEA), 2-phenylpropan-1-amine] is a structural isomer of amphetamine (1-phenylpropan-2-amine) that has been identified in preworkout and weight loss supplements, yet little information is available about its pharmacology. Here, the neurochemical and cardiovascular effects of BMPEA and its analogs, N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (MPPA) and N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (DMPPA), were compared with structurally related amphetamines. As expected, amphetamine and methamphetamine were potent substrate-type releasing agents at dopamine transporters (DATs) and norepinephrine transporters (NETs) in rat brain synaptosomes. BMPEA and MPPA were also substrates at DATs and NETs, but they were at least 10-fold less potent than amphetamine. DMPPA was a weak substrate only at NETs. Importantly, the releasing actions of BMPEA and MPPA were more potent at NETs than DATs. Amphetamine produced significant dose-related increases in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity in conscious rats fitted with surgically implanted biotelemetry transmitters. BMPEA, MPPA, and DMPPA produced increases in BP that were similar to the effects of amphetamine, but the compounds failed to substantially affect HR or activity. The hypertensive effect of BMPEA was reversed by the a-adrenergic antagonist prazosin but not the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine. Radioligand binding at various G protein-coupled receptors did not identify nontransporter sites of action that could account for cardiovascular effects of BMPEA or its analogs. Our results show that BMPEA, MPPA, and DMPPA are biologically active. The compounds are unlikely to be abused due to weak effects at DATs, but they could produce adverse cardiovascular effects via substrate activity at peripheral NET sites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Supplement Adulterant β-Methylphenethylamine Increases Blood Pressure by Acting at Peripheral Norepinephrine Transporters

Schindler

Thorndike

Rice

et al. 2019

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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“…Because of the chemical composition of DMAA and its similarity to other compounds, it has been suggested that the user may become dependent to this agent [41,42]. Dolan and Gatch, using a rodent model, investigated the abuse liability profile of DMAA compared to cocaine and methamphetamine [43].…”

Section: Abuse Liability Of Dmaamentioning

confidence: 99%

1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA): A Brief History and Review of Anecdotal and Laboratory Findings

J Bloomer

2018

ACIM

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DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine) was once a popular ingredient for inclusion within dietary supplements, in particular those marketed to the bodybuilding community as "pre-workouts." Also known as methylhexanamine, and geranium extract, DMAA was not in supplements prior to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA); hence, DMAA would be classified as a New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 2012, the FDA issued warning letters to manufacturers and distributors calling for cessation of DMAA sales and use within dietary supplement formulations, partly because required safety data supporting DMAA's use was lacking. Thus, supplements containing DMAA were considered "adulterated". Adverse event reports following DMAA ingestion prompted the FDA's actions. Though the use of DMAA has since decreased considerably, sales of dietary supplements containing DMAA or close derivatives continue. Currently, no scientific evidence exists to support DMAA's use as an ergogenic aid, notwithstanding widespread anecdotal reports of improved exercise performance and focus following DMAA ingestion. While reports have documented an association between DMAA ingestion and adverse events, it remains unclear as to the causal role of DMAA, in particular considering the fact that specific to the reported events, DMAA was often used in combination with other dietary ingredients, prescription medications or recreational drugs. This review discusses the history of DMAA, anecdotal and laboratory findings pertaining to its use, and its use today within the dietary supplement market.

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Ernst¹

2019

Alternative Medicine

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Banned and discouraged-use ingredients found in weight loss supplements

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

The Supplement Adulterant β-Methylphenethylamine Increases Blood Pressure by Acting at Peripheral Norepinephrine Transporters

The Supplement Adulterant β-Methylphenethylamine Increases Blood Pressure by Acting at Peripheral Norepinephrine Transporters

1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA): A Brief History and Review of Anecdotal and Laboratory Findings

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