Bare and protein-conjugated Fe₃O₄ferromagnetic nanoparticles for utilization in magnetically assisted hemodialysis: biocompatibility with human blood cells

Abstract

Magnetically assisted hemodialysis is a development of conventional hemodialysis and is based on the circulation of ferromagnetic nanoparticle-targeted binding substance conjugates (FN-TBS Cs) in the bloodstream of the patient and their eventual removal by means of a 'magnetic dialyzer'. Presented here is an in vitro investigation on the biocompatibility of bare Fe(3)O(4) FNs and Fe(3)O(4)-bovine serum albumin Cs with blood cells, namely red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets (Plts). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy (OM) enabled the examination of blood cells at the nanometer and micrometer level, respectively. The observations made on FN- and C-maturated blood samples are contrasted to those obtained on FN- and C-free reference blood samples subjected to exactly the same maturation procedure. Qualitatively, both AFM and OM revealed no changes in the overall shape of RBCs, WBCs and Plts. Incidents where bare FNs or Cs were bound onto the surface of RBCs or internalized by WBCs were very rare. Detailed examination by means of OM proved that impaired coagulation of Plts is not initiated/promoted either by FNs or Cs. Quantitatively, the statistical analysis of the obtained AFM images from RBC surfaces clearly revealed that the mean surface roughness of RBCs maturated with bare FNs or Cs was identical to the one of reference RBCs.

Nanomedicines for kidney diseases

“…Experiments utilizing an in vitro system of mock dialysis demonstrated the effective removal of homocysteine with ferromagnetic NPs. This approach could potentially be used for the removal of toxins not adequately removed by conventional hemodialysis (57, 58). Additionally, polymeric antiapoptotic nanoconjugates may hold promise in the prevention of mesothelial cell injury in peritonitis and nanoparticles may also reduce resistant infections in peritoneal dialysis(59, 60)…”

Does the extracorporeal circulation worsen anemia in hemodialysis patients? Investigation with advanced microscopes of red blood cells drawn at the beginning and end of dialysis

“…7,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] With AFM and SEM, we accessed thorough structural information from the membranes of intact RBCs (iRBCs) of HD patients, drawn both pre-and post-HD. A comparison to healthy donors was also performed.…”

Bio-functionalized dense-silica nanoparticles for MR/NIRF imaging of CD146 in gastric cancer

“…However, the progress is limited. 10 An efficient drug vehicle must have three characteristics: moderate blood circulation time, great target accumulation rate, and high diffusion rate. 11 Traditional nano dense-silica (dSiO 2 ) nanoparticles and SPION are impeded by a roughly big size (50 nm) and in vivo aggregation, which will make them susceptible to acute hepatic accumulation and poor extravasation rates.…”