Barium fluoride — Inorganic scintillator for subnanosecond timing

Laval, M.; Moszyński, M.; Allemand, Roger-Michel; Cormoreche, E.; Guinet, P.; Odru, R.; Vacher, J.

doi:10.1016/0167-5087(83)91254-1

Cited by 468 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Other groups involved in ToF-PET research were the National Institute of Radiological Science in Chiba, Japan [31,32], and Washington University in Seattle, WA, USA [33]. Cesium fluoride (CsF) and barium fluoride (BaF 2 ) detectors were used in the first-generation TOF-PET [34][35][36]. Timing resolution of about 156 ps and 212 ps for BaF 2 and CsF, respectively, were achieved by Lewellen and colleagues.…”

Section: History and Early Research Of Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Timing resolution of about 156 ps and 212 ps for BaF 2 and CsF, respectively, were achieved by Lewellen and colleagues. However, at the system level, time resolutions between 470 ps and 750 ps were achieved [34][35][36][37][38]. CsF needs careful packaging as it is highly hygroscopic.…”

Section: History and Early Research Of Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other types of scintillators are available, such as BaF 2 and plastic scintillators, but using them in TOF-PET may be challenging because of their low stopping power and low light output. The inorganic crystal BaF 2 was first considered a very strong candidate for ToF-PET [62] because of its excellent time resolution, and different groups have reported achieving a timing resolution of less than 300 ps [35,63]. However, the aforementioned shortcomings threw them out of the ToF-PET detector race.…”

Section: Scintillators For Use In Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that provides information at the molecular level. This system is composed of radiation detectors to detect incoming coincident annihilation gamma photons emitted from the radiopharmaceutical injected into a patient's body and uses these data to reconstruct images. A major trend in PET instrumentation is the development of time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET). In ToF-PET, the time information (the instant the radiation is detected) is incorporated for image reconstruction. Therefore, precise and accurate timing recording is crucial in ToF-PET. ToF-PET leads to better localization of the annihilation event and thus results in overall improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. Several factors affect the timing performance of ToF-PET. In this article, the background, early research and recent advances in ToF-PET instrumentation are presented. Emphasis is placed on the various types of scintillators, photodetectors and electronic circuitry for use in ToF-PET, and their impact on timing resolution is discussed.

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Section: History and Early Research Of Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: History and Early Research Of Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scintillators For Use In Tof-petmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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“…lt is the flrst spherical symmetric 4n detector made from this material, which shows outstanding features for gamma-ray detection [5]. The Karlsruhe 4n detector is the secend approach of a large BaF 2 array after the Crystal Castle [6] that was constructed for investigating heavy ion reactions and has a geometry symmetric to the horizontal plane.…”

Section: -2 -mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector

Wisshak

Guber

Käppeler

et al. 1990

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

113

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The energy resolution of the 47t detector is 14% at 662 keV and 7% at 2.5 MeV gamma-ray energy, the overall time resolution ls 500 ps and the peak efficiency 90% at 1 MeV. This unique combination of attractive features for a gamma-ray detector became possible by the recent availability of !arge barium fluoride crystals with volumes up to 2.5 I. The detector allows to register capture cascades with 95% probability above a threshold energy of 2.5 MeV in the sum energy spectrum.Neutrons are produced via the 7U(p,n)7Be reactlon using the pulsed proton beam of a The combination of short primary flight path, a 10 cm inner radius of the spherical BaF 2 shell, and the low capture cross section of barium allows to discrimlnate background due to capture of sample scattered neutrons in the scintillator by time of flight, leaving part of the neutron energy range completely undisturbed. This feature tagether with the high efficiency and good energy resolution for capture gamma-rays allows to separate the various background components reliably enough, that the capture cross section ratio of two isotopes can be determined with an accuracy of :s: 1.2 %.

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“…The ideal time-of-flight scintillator would have a high single interaction photopeak efficiency (>60%), produce a large number of photons (>1000) in a short time (<1 nsec), and be able to measure the depth of interaction to compensate for the difference in velocity between the annihilation photon and the scintillation photons. The timing resolution should be better than 200 psec fwhm, which has been obtained with thin plastic scintillators (4). H D=18 em (human head) and d=3 em (200 psec), then D/d=6.…”

Section: Time-of-flightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Improvements in Instrumentation for PET

Derenzo

1987

Physics and Engineering of Medical Imaging

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This paper discusses the potential for improved detectors in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and explores the ultimate limits that might be achieved in the areas of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and maximum imaging rates. It is shown that if an ultra-fast, high· efficiency scintillator and a thin, low-noise, positionsensitive photodetector were available, a multi-layer time-of-flight tomograph would be possible with a 10 em axial field of view, a 3-dimensional spatial resolution of 2 mm fwhm,.and >700,000 prompt unscattered coincidences per sec for 1 JLCi per cm 3 in a 20 em diam cylinder of water.

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Barium fluoride — Inorganic scintillator for subnanosecond timing

Cited by 468 publications

References 17 publications

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

The Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector

Potential Improvements in Instrumentation for PET

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