Bark Anatomy of Southern South American Cupressaceae

Magistris, Alberto A. De; Castro, María Águeda

doi:10.1163/22941932-90000383

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Several authors have mentioned the occurrence of minute crystals in the walls of sieve cells and phloem parenchyma cells (Strasburger 1891;Bamber 1959;Esau 1969;Parameswaran and Liese 1979;Franceschi and Horner 1980). Chan (1985), and later De Magistris and Castro (2001), also reported minute crystals in the walls of sieve cells, axial and radial parenchyma cells and fibres in Libocedrus, Austrocedrus, Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron (Cupressaceae).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Castro et al 2005). Recently, De Magistris and Castro (2001) described the bark anatomy of three native Cupressaceae from Southern Argentina and Chile, namely Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Florin, Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnston and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D.Don) Florin, supplementing the literature on Cupressaceae bark anatomy from North America, New Zealand and asiatic conifers (Liphschitz et al 1981;Chan 1985;LevYadun and Liphschitz 1989;Yamanaka 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bark anatomy of three indigenous conifers from southern South America

2006

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This paper describes the bark anatomy of three native conifers from southern South America, Podocarpus nubigena Lindl., Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. (Podocarpaceae) and Araucaria araucana (Mol.) K.Koch. (Araucariaceae). The bark colours of these three conifers are greyish-brown, reddish-brown and true brown, respectively. Morphologically, the bark of S. conspicua is scaly whereas it is fissured in A. araucana and P. nubigena. Fissures are relatively shallow in P. nubigena and relatively deep in A. araucana. The latter two species have elongated stripes and polygonal to irregular plates, respectively. Anatomically, P. nubigena shows a gradual transition between non-collapsed and collapsed phloem. This species shows secondary phloem cells regularly arranged in continuous tangential bands composed of alternating sieve cells, axial parenchyma and fibres. In A. araucana the ordered pattern observed in the non-collapsed secondary phloem is lost in the collapsed phloem. All three species show homocellular and uniseriate rays exhibiting a sinuous trajectory in the collapsed phloem and into the rhytidome. Fibres in P. nubigena are arranged in narrow, tangentially uniseriate lines. Sclereids are observed in S. conspicua whereas ramified sclereids and fibres are present in A. araucana. Minute cell-wall crystals in the fibres are exhibited in all species. The persistent rhytidome occupies a variable proportion of the bark. A. araucana shows thick periderms and rhytidome, with indistinct rays in dead phloem. Starch, tannins and resins are frequent in parenchyma. Secretory canals are present only in A. araucana. In summary, the external morphology, arrangement of axial parenchyma, type of the sclerenchymatous tissue, presence of secretory canals and cell-wall crystals are the most important features that can be used for identification when other diagnostic plant parts are missing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark anatomy of three indigenous conifers from southern South America

2006

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“…Extant trees in which non-conducting phloem fibers are arranged in thin layers tend to have a stringy bark, versus a rough bark that results when fibers are organized in thick multicellular layers or blocks (Roth 1981). Good examples of extant species that have a bark anatomy comparable to our Permian specimen are Libocedrus bidwillii (Chan 1985) and Fitzroya cupressoides (De Magistris & Castro 2001) in the Cupressaceae. Similarities include 1) a secondary phloem with layers of fibers that are only one cell thick and often discontinuous, 2) proliferation of the axial parenchyma in the non-conducting phloem, 3) numerous thin periderms that are only a few cells in thickness, 4) dead periderms and phloem retained as successive sheets on the trunk and forming a rhytidome several centimeters in thickness (Chan 1985;De Magistris & Castro 2001).…”

Section: Outside Aspect Of the Bark In The Antarctic Glossopterid Treementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Good examples of extant species that have a bark anatomy comparable to our Permian specimen are Libocedrus bidwillii (Chan 1985) and Fitzroya cupressoides (De Magistris & Castro 2001) in the Cupressaceae. Similarities include 1) a secondary phloem with layers of fibers that are only one cell thick and often discontinuous, 2) proliferation of the axial parenchyma in the non-conducting phloem, 3) numerous thin periderms that are only a few cells in thickness, 4) dead periderms and phloem retained as successive sheets on the trunk and forming a rhytidome several centimeters in thickness (Chan 1985;De Magistris & Castro 2001). Fitzroya cupressoides typically has a stringy bark with a fibrous aspect that can be 3-9 cm in thickness (De Magistris & Castro 2001).…”

Section: Outside Aspect Of the Bark In The Antarctic Glossopterid Treementioning

confidence: 83%

Bark Anatomy of Late Permian Glossopterid Trees From Antarctica

Decombeix

Taylor

2016

IAWA J

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The Glossopteridales are an extinct group of seed plants that dominated Gondwanan floras during the Permian. Their remains are found across a wide range of habitats and paleolatitudes, and it is particularly interesting to understand the anatomical characteristics that might have enabled such an extensive distribution. Here, we document for the first time the bark anatomy of high-latitude glossopteridalean trees using peels and thin sections made from a Late Permian trunk from Skaar Ridge, Antarctica. The bark is 3 cm thick. The secondary phloem is composed of sieve cells, axial and ray parenchyma, and fibers arranged in discontinuous unicellular tangential layers. The outer bark is a rhytidome, with numerous alternating layers of periderm and non-conducting secondary phloem showing some proliferation of the axial parenchyma. Successive periderms mostly run parallel to the cambium, with some longitudinal undulation and rare connections between two periderms. A similar anatomy was observed in bark fragments found isolated in the matrix or closely associated with large glossopterid stems or roots. The anatomy of the Skaar Ridge specimens shows that Antarctic Glossopteridales had a relatively thick, probably stringy bark. The retention of a significant amount of insulating dead bark tissue on the trunk likely provided protection of the cambium, conducting secondary phloem, and potential latent buds against biotic and abiotic environmental hazards (fire, frost, scalding, insects, etc.) and may have contributed to the extensive paleolatitudinal distribution of the Glossopteridales during the Permian.

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“…Although bark is one of the most conspicuous features of woody plants in the field, and despite several studies having shown its potential for improving phylogenetic relationships in many plant families (e.g., Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950a, b;Zahur, 1959;Esau, 1969;Richter, 1981;Roth, 1981;Esau & Cheadle, 1984;Archer & Van Wyk, 1993;Liu & Gao, 1993;Costa & al., 1997;Carlquist, 1991Carlquist, , 1996Carlquist, , 1998Carlquist, , 2005De Magistris & Castro, 2001;Castro & al., 2005;Olson, 2005;Schweingruber, 2006;Junikka & Koek-Noorman, 2007;Oskolski & al., 2007Oskolski & al., , 2010, bark is still one of the most poorly known plant tissues and therefore rarely included in systematic studies. There are three major reasons for the fragmentary knowledge of bark anatomical data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of paraffin and resin‐based techniques used in bark anatomy

Hamann

Smets

Lens

2011

TAXON

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Bark anatomy is an unappreciated discipline in plant systematics, despite its great potential to reveal systematically informative features. In this paper, main reasons for the lack of detailed bark anatomical data in many plant families are identified, including problems with sectioning, terminological issues, and difficulties in observation of dilated stems. We deal with these problems by focusing on two aspects: (1) compare, discuss and improve existing sectioning and maceration techniques using two species with soft and hard bark tissues; and (2) discuss the best way to collect stem bark samples. We hope that this paper will stimulate inclusion of bark anatomical data in future systematic studies.

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Bark Anatomy of Southern South American Cupressaceae

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Bark anatomy of three indigenous conifers from southern South America

Bark anatomy of three indigenous conifers from southern South America

Bark Anatomy of Late Permian Glossopterid Trees From Antarctica

A comparison of paraffin and resin‐based techniques used in bark anatomy

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