Bark-Water Interactions Across Ecosystem States and Fluxes

Stan, John T. Van; Dymond, Salli; Klamerus‐Iwan, Anna

doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.660662

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…There are also some studies linking bark structural properties to bark water dynamics (see Van Stan et al 2021 ). Loram-Lourenço et al (2020) studied the bark properties of 31 native tree species from Brazil and found that the relative investment in bark reflects different strategies of fire protection, and water use and conservation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark Transpiration Rates Can Reach Needle Transpiration Rates Under Dry Conditions in a Semi-arid Forest

Lintunen

Preisler

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Drought can cause tree mortality through hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. To prevent excess water loss, plants typically close their stomata before massive embolism formation occurs. However, unregulated water loss through leaf cuticles and bark continues after stomatal closure. Here, we studied the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of bark transpiration and how it is affected by tree water availability. We measured continuously for six months water loss and CO2 efflux from branch segments and needle-bearing shoots in Pinus halepensis growing in a control and an irrigation plot in a semi-arid forest in Israel. Our aim was to find out how much passive bark transpiration is affected by tree water status in comparison with shoot transpiration and bark CO2 emission that involve active plant processes, and what is the role of bark transpiration in total tree water use during dry summer conditions. Maximum daily water loss rate per bark area was 0.03–0.14 mmol m−2 s−1, which was typically ~76% of the shoot transpiration rate (on leaf area basis) but could even surpass the shoot transpiration rate during the highest evaporative demand in the control plot. Irrigation did not affect bark transpiration rate. Bark transpiration was estimated to account for 64–78% of total water loss in drought-stressed trees, but only for 6–11% of the irrigated trees, due to differences in stomatal control between the treatments. Water uptake through bark was observed during most nights, but it was not high enough to replenish the lost water during the day. Unlike bark transpiration, branch CO2 efflux decreased during drought due to decreased metabolic activity. Our results demonstrate that although bark transpiration represents a small fraction of the total water loss through transpiration from foliage in non-stressed trees, it may have a large impact during drought.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark Transpiration Rates Can Reach Needle Transpiration Rates Under Dry Conditions in a Semi-arid Forest

Lintunen

Preisler

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The other parts of precipitation with contact to the canopy may be intercepted, building a short-term water storage pool, from which the three main water fluxescanopy interception, TF, and SFarise. Under certain conditions, water can also be absorbed by leaves and bark (Aubrey, 2020;Berry et al, 2019;Van Stan et al, 2021). Both meteorological factors and the canopy structure of forests affect rainfall partitioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatiotemporal variability of TF and its relation to forest structural variables have been reported for many tree species of various leaf traits and seasonal patterns (Chang and Matzner, 2000a;Kowalska et al, 2016;Loustau et al, 1992;Staelens et al, 2006b; and described in various models (André et al, 2011;Davie and Durocher, 1997a;Davie and Durocher, 1997b;Gerrits et al, 2010;Herbst et al, 2008;Loustau et al, 1992;van Dijk and Bruijnzeel, 2001a;van Dijk and Bruijnzeel, 2001b;Vrugt et al, 2003). Recent investigations documented correlations between SF volume and canopy structural traits like bark texture, diameter at breast height (DBH) and the height-to-width ratio of the as an indicator of the canopy geometry (Jiang et al, 2021;Tonello et al, 2021b;Van Stan et al, 2021) which might affect the TF due to lateral transport of precipitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem distance as an explanatory variable for the spatial distribution and chemical conditions of stand precipitation and soil solution under beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees

Jochheim¹,

Lüttschwager

Riek

2022

Preprint

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The partitioning of bulk precipitation (PR) in forest ecosystems and its chemical composition depends on both meteorological factors, such as precipitation amount and intensity, evaporation rate, and wind speed, and stand structural factors, such as stand density, canopy structure, bark texture, and spatiotemporal distribution and density of foliage. We analysed fluxes of water and element contained therein of a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stand on sandy soils in northeastern Germany. We applied a radially symmetrical setup within a stem distance gradient to measure stand precipitation (SP) with its components of throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF), as well as to measure soil moisture, the chemical composition of the soil solution, the soil chemistry, and the fine root distribution. The chemical analysis of the constituents covered the macroelements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, Si, S, P), the cations and anions NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, and a few heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn). With an average PR of 620 mm a-1, the partitioning resulted in 79% TF, 6% SF, and 15% canopy evaporation. TF volume increased with distance to stem during summer, but decreased during winter. Clear spatial gradients with increasing concentrations from PR, to different classes of TF as the distance from the trunk decreased, to SF were observed for nearly all elements. The contact of precipitation with leaves and the canopy structures alters the chemical composition of TF and SF by transferring elements from dry deposition or leaching of intracellular materials from the canopy and leads to the input of larger amounts of macroelements and heavy metals with the SP into the soil. Spatial patterns of canopy structures thus affect the spatial variation of TF and its constituents, which also affects the spatial distribution of roots and, at least in phases, the chemical composition of the topsoil solution.

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“…Bark also plays important roles in forests as an intermediary between the outside environment and the inside of the tree, e.g. : hosting lichens and other corticolous epiphytic life, acting as an exchange site for aerosols and substances within precipitation, and being a pathway for rainfall that drains to the surface as stemflow (Van Stan et al, 2021). Stemflow may also be highly enriched in solutes, resulting in significant, locally concentrated nutrient inputs (Dovey et al, 2011;Germer et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The external morphology of bark makes a significant contribution to the solute composition and concentration of stemflow, while the thickness and internal morphology of bark are also expected to affect the mechanisms of this bark-water solute exchange. Thus, the anatomical point of view is important for exploring the mechanism of stemflow chemistry (Levia and Herwitz, 2005;Van Stan et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark Effects on Stemflow Chemistry in a Japanese Temperate Forest II. The Role of Bark Anatomical Features

Oka¹,

Takahashi²,

Endoh³

et al. 2021

Front. For. Glob. Change

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A fraction of rainfall drains to the soil surface down tree stems (as “stemflow”), and the resulting stemflow waters can be highly enriched with dissolved nutrients due to prolonged bark contact. To date, stemflow chemistry has been examined mostly in regards to the external morphology of the bark, while its relationship with bark anatomy has received little attention. Arguably, this represents a major knowledge gap, because bark anatomical traits are linked to the storage and transport of soluble (and insoluble) organic materials, and control the proximity of these materials to passing stemflow waters. To initiate this line of investigation, here, we examine bark-water leaching rates for common leachable macronutrient ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+) across six different tree species with varying bark anatomical traits (four deciduous broadleaved and two evergreen coniferous species). These different bark types were subjected to laboratory experiments, including observations of bark anatomy and soaking experiments. Laboratory-derived estimates of leaching rates for Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ were then analyzed alongside bark anatomical traits. Leaching rates of Mg2+ and Ca2+ appear to be controlled by the thickness of the rhytidome and periderm; while K+ leaching rates appeared to be driven by the presence of cellular structures associated with resource storage (parenchyma) and transfer (sieve cells). Other species-specific results are also identified and discussed. These results suggest that the anatomical features of bark and the concentration of leachable macronutrient ions in stemflow are related, and that these relationships may be important to understand nutrient cycle through the bark. We also conclude that future work on the mechanisms underlying stemflow solute enrichment should consider bark anatomy.

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Bark-Water Interactions Across Ecosystem States and Fluxes

Cited by 21 publications

References 75 publications

Bark Transpiration Rates Can Reach Needle Transpiration Rates Under Dry Conditions in a Semi-arid Forest

Bark Transpiration Rates Can Reach Needle Transpiration Rates Under Dry Conditions in a Semi-arid Forest

Stem distance as an explanatory variable for the spatial distribution and chemical conditions of stand precipitation and soil solution under beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees

Bark Effects on Stemflow Chemistry in a Japanese Temperate Forest II. The Role of Bark Anatomical Features

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