The sessile nature of plants has enabled them to develop a higher level of plasticity in adaptation against the hostile environmental conditions such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The intricate molecular machineries in plants, consisting of signal sensors, signal transducers, and generation of response, are highly similar with animal's signal transduction components; however, a large number of pathways also show a high level of divergence. G proteins are a part of signal transduction components, which play pivotal role in regulating a large number of physiological and developmental processes in both plants and animals. G proteins or guanine nucleotide-binding proteins serve as molecular switches, existing in two forms: an active conformation, when bound to GTP, and an inactive conformation, when bound to GDP. In active conformation, G proteins interact with downstream effector molecules to initiate various cellular responses. Based on their structure, they have been divided into heterotrimeric and monomeric G proteins, also called large and small G proteins, respectively, where the former is composed of three subunits (α, β, and γ) and latter is composed of single subunit (α). Plant growth and development is partially regulated by the combined activity of large and small G proteins. Besides, identifi cation of profuse number of stress-related genes interacting with monomeric and heterotrimeric G-protein complex in both Arabidopsis and rice suggests their involvement in modulation of abiotic stress responses. Further, based on the functional analysis of several G proteins (large and small) regulating cell growth, cell proliferation, seed germination, sugar sensing, and hormonal responses indicate these proteins are equally essential for plant development. Due to increased demand of food crops to sustain growing population in adverse environmental conditions, the role of G proteins and modulation of GTPase signaling has been studied in plants to produce genetically modifi ed crop plants with increased stress tolerance and productivity.