“…It stands to reason then that a wide range of barriers stems from a lack of supportive procurement procedures and approaches Fan et al, 2018;Kuiper & Holzer, 2013), as discussed next. (Eadie et al, 2014;Ullah et al, 2019) Fragmented procurement approaches (El Hajj et al, 2021;Gurevich & Sacks, 2020) Increased risk and liability Khoshfetrat et al, 2020;Ragab & Marzouk, 2021) Lack of a comprehensive framework or implementation plan Olanrewaju et al, 2021b;Wang & Lu, 2021) Business and legal problems Lack of a legal framework (model ownership and legal contract) Gad et al, 2020;Malla et al, 2022;Nguyen, 2021) Lack of standards (Hadi, 2020;Tran-Hoang-Minh et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2021) Technical problems Lack of interoperability (Bouhmoud & Loudyi, 2021;El Hajj et al, 2021;Olugboyega & Windapo, 2021) Attitude and awareness (resistance to change from 2D drafting practices) (Durdyev et al, 2021;Evans & Farrell, 2020;Hamma-adama et al, 2020) Human/ organisational problems Complexity (long hours to develop a BIM model) (Alemayehu et al, 2021;Belay et al, 2021 (Durdyev et al, 2021;Faisal Shehzad et al, 2020;Olugboyega & Windapo, 2021) Employees lack BIM skills, education and training (design, engineers and subcontractors) (Pokusaev et al, 2021) (Hosseini et al, 2021) Organisational challenges among construction professionals (Ademci & Gundes, 2021;Farooq et al, 2020;Karampour et al, 2021) Construction Procurement: A precursor to BIM implementation Construction procu...…”