Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: Existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions

Carter, Sara; Mwaura, Samuel; Ram, Monder; Trehan, Kiran; Jones, Trevor

doi:10.1177/0266242614556823

Cited by 230 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…The precise technological competencies required for digital enterprise, then, become secondary and can be developed as the venture progresses. While our thesis that key digital entrepreneurial resources are structurally distributed, rather than agentially obtained, may not resonate with myths of the heroic entrepreneur (Ogbor 2000), our findings resonate with literature streams that critique the notion of entrepreneurship as meritocracy by emphasising the influence of class and life course pathways on the accrual of entrepreneurial resources (Anderson & Miller 2003;Jayawarna et al 2014), and examining performance constraints arising from disadvantageous ascriptions of gender, race, and intersections thereof (Carter et al 2015;Knight 2016;Marlow & McAdam 2013). They also reflect cyberand techno-feminist perspectives which suggest that technological development has the potential not only to improve, but also exacerbate existing structural inequalities (Daniels 2009;Wajcman 2010 substantial, yet competitive, seed funding.…”

Section: Implications For Theory Policy and Practicesupporting

confidence: 59%

Emancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis

2018

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Digital entrepreneurship is presented in popular discourse as a means to empowerment and greater economic participation for under-resourced and socially marginalised people. However, this emancipatory rhetoric relies on a flat ontology that does not sufficiently consider the enabling conditions needed for successful digital enterprise activity. To empirically illustrate this argument, we examine three paired cases of UK women digital entrepreneurs, operating in similar sectors but occupying contrasting social positionalities. The cases are comparatively analysed through an intersectional feminist lens using a critical realist methodological framework. By examining the relationships between digital entrepreneurship, social positionality, and structural and agential enabling conditions, we interrogate the notion of digital entrepreneurship as an emancipatory phenomenon producing liberated workers.

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Section: Implications For Theory Policy and Practicesupporting

confidence: 59%

Emancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis

2018

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“…However, these can still indirectly disadvantage ethnic groups as they do not favour certain less prosperous areas (Fraser, 2009) or sectors (Ram and Jones, 2008b) in which ethnic groups are over-represented . Carter et al (2015) indicate that the use of such techniques if more widely publicised may help overcome the fears of discouraged borrowers who are concerned with direct discrimination.…”

Section: Challenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurs -Access Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of those already entrepreneurially active are located in low value added sectors that do not involve the development of strategic skills and capabilities (Carter et al, 2015). This may mean that educational qualifications will have less effect when not combined with practical experience (Fraser, 2009).…”

Section: Challenges Faced By Ethnic Entrepreneurs -Regulations and Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and issues facing ethnic minority small business owners

Rahman

Ullah

Thompson

2018

The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation

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Studies investigating the challenges and barriers faced by ethnic minority entrepreneurs have often concentrated on areas where there is a large supportive ethnic minority community. Less work has been conducted on the experience of those entrepreneurs operating in cities where such ethnic resources may be less widely available. Considered from the perspective of mixed embeddedness framework, this study uses face-to-face interviews with 25 ethnic minority entrepreneurs to gain a greater understanding of the constraints experienced by the starting and running businesses in one such location, the Scottish city of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom. Although issues found by previous studies such as access to funding remain an issue, the entrepreneurs indicated problems with access to labour as United Kingdom Border Agency’s immigration rules and tightening of the Post Study Work visa have had a profound effect on these entrepreneurs. The results imply that the weakening of the ethnic resource microsphere has not opened up opportunities which are exploited by the entrepreneurs, but they have still been exposed to external forces from the regulatory macrosphere. Both entrepreneurs and policymakers need to think carefully about the retention, training and recruitment of staff. In particular, the wider ramifications of immigration rule changes need to be considered, but also whether entrepreneurs need to be more open to the potential of recruiting non-ethnic employees and if so what support is required to achieve this.

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“…Access to finance has been cited as one of the most significant barriers facing ethnic minority businesses (Carter et al, 2015;Bates, 2011) [17] [18]. There was evidence that ethnic minority business (particularly black-owned businesses) do face discrimination in interest rates when they borrow from finance companies and businesses in the US (Blanchard et al, 2008;Cavalluzzo and Wolken 2005) [19] [20].…”

Section: Ethnic Chinese Minority Business and Financementioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Study of Barriers to Bank Financing of Ethnic Chinese Entrepreneurs in the UK

Zhang¹

2015

JSS

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Ethnic minority entrepreneurship has been a growing research interest, however, little has been known about financial barriers to start up and run a business venture from the perspectives of UK ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs. The aim of this study is to explore the financial barriers of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in starting up and running a business in the UK. Through semi-structured interviews with 12 ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs who run businesses in the UK, this study has preliminarily found: 1) ethnic Chinese businesses in the UK have increasingly faced difficulties to get access to bank finance since the global financial crisis; 2) the difficulties are largely caused by a lack of communication and understanding between the entrepreneurs and financial institutions; 3) the traditional perceptions of Chinese businesses have disadvantaged ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in the UK when they apply for bank credits. This study offers a number of implications. For policy-makers, an understanding of the characteristics of ethnic Chinese businesses and financing barriers to ethnic Chinese in business start-ups and running is important for the development of policy that encourages and supports ethnic Chinese businesses. For banks in the UK to expand their business, there is a need to develop tailored products and services specifically for ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs.

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Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: Existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions

Cited by 230 publications

References 112 publications

Emancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis

Emancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis

Challenges and issues facing ethnic minority small business owners

A Preliminary Study of Barriers to Bank Financing of Ethnic Chinese Entrepreneurs in the UK

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