Basal Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Adolescents

Shock, N. W.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1944.02020070023006

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…26 However, the children were examined in a laboratory while fasting: furthermore, the data represent only a small sample of a restricted age group, and measurements were made 60 years ago.…”

Section: Evidence Basementioning

confidence: 99%

Age related reference ranges for respiration rate and heart rate from 4 to 16 years

Wallis¹

2005

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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Background: Clinical vital signs in children (temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure) are an integral part of clinical assessment of degree of illness or normality. Despite this, only blood pressure and temperature have a reliable evidence base. The accepted ranges of heart and respiration rate vary widely. Methods: This study examined 1109 children aged 4-16 years in their own schools. Age, sex, height, weight, and resting respiration rate and heart rate were recorded. The data were used to produce age related reference ranges for everyday clinical use. Results: Reference intervals are presented for the range of heart rate and respiration rate of healthy resting children aged 4-16 years. The recorded values are at variance with standard quoted ranges in currently available texts.

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Section: Evidence Basementioning

confidence: 99%

Age related reference ranges for respiration rate and heart rate from 4 to 16 years

Wallis¹

2005

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…Grossly apparent blood pressure spurts occur during the first several months of life and during adolescence, but whether additional spurts could be detected if blood pressure were accurately assessed on a finer time scale, as has recently been reported for growth, 32 is unknown. Although limited available longitudinal data suggest that the adolescent blood pressure spurt roughly coincides with the adolescent growth spurt 33 and ends, as does the growth spurt, at puberty 3335 (Fig 3), the exact timing of events is uncertain. Also unknown is the quantitative relationship between the velocity of growth and the velocity of blood pressure rise, although the evidence cited above showing that adolescents with the highest blood pressures are largest suggests that there is a direct relationship between the vigor of growth and the rapidity of blood pressure rise.…”

Section: Essential Hypertension and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation, allometry, and hypertension.

Weder

Schork

1994

Hypertension

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Essential hypertension is a "disease of civiliza-tion" but has a clear genetic component. From an evolutionary perspective, persistence in the human genome of elements capable of raising blood pressure presupposes their adaptive significance. Recently, two hypotheses that explicitly appeal to selectionist arguments, the "slavery" and "thrifty gene" theories , have been forwarded. We find neither completely successful , and we advance an alternative explanation of the adaptive importance of genes responsible for hypertension. We propose that blood pressure rises during childhood and adolescence to subserve homeostatic needs of the organism. Specifically, we contend that blood pressure is a flexible element in the repertoire of renal homeostatic mechanisms serving to match renal function to growth. The effect of modern diet and lifestyle on human growth stimulates earlier and more vigorous development, straining biologically necessary relationships between renal and general somatic growth W hat causes essential hypertension? Despite almost a century of effort, we still do not know, and in part our problem may be that we are asking the question in the wrong way. Medical scientists are natural reductionists, searching for, and often finding, unifying causes such as toxic exposures, dysfunctional systems, and most recently, defective genes, to explain abnormalities of clinical import. Yet not all diseases can be expected to yield to the reductionist strategy, particularly such common disorders as essential hypertension, which seem most likely to result from dys-regulation of essentially normal physiological systems. This is not to say that relatively simple alterations of fundamental components of the cardiovascular system could not result in hypertension. Indeed, some of the most impressive recent advances in hypertension research describe discrete genetic abnormalities that apparently cause some types of hypertension. 1-2 However, the intrinsic complexity of blood pressure control presents formidable, perhaps insurmountable, theoretical and practical barriers to reductionist analyses. 3 For hypertension and other "diseases of civilization," it has been argued that the standard genetic paradigm based on classic monogenic diseases, in which one gene causes one trait abnormality, is fundamentally flawed and should be replaced by an epigenetic view in which genetic information flows through a complex, highly interactive, flexible network of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions 4 (Fig 1). In and requiring compensation via homeostatic mechanisms preserved during evolution. Prime among such mechanisms is blood pressure, which rises as a compensation to maintain renal function in the face of greater growth. Since virtually all members of acculturated societies share in the modern lifestyle , the demands imposed by accelerated growth and development result in a populational shift to higher blood pressures, with a consequent increase in the prevalence of hypertension. We propose that hypertension is the product of mal...

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“…Sample growth curves for individual children are shown in Figure 4. When the age of maximum increase in stem length is used as the criterion of early or late maturity (37), similar results are obtained for both boys and girls, i.e., early maturing children show lower creatine/creatinine ratios than do late maturing children (see 5Such an analysis has been presented for basal metabolism, pulse rate, blood pressure, etc., in a previous publication (36). Figure 5-A compares the average creatine/creatinine ratio for a group of 8 girls who matured early (mean age at menarche = 11.5 years) with the average creatine/creatinine ratio of a group of 8 girls who matured late (mean age at menarche = 14.6 years).…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

Creatine Excretion in Adolescents

Shock¹

1945

Child Development

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Basal Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Adolescents

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Age related reference ranges for respiration rate and heart rate from 4 to 16 years

Age related reference ranges for respiration rate and heart rate from 4 to 16 years

Adaptation, allometry, and hypertension.

Creatine Excretion in Adolescents

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