Basal cell carcinoma

Ramachandran, Sudarshan; Fryer, Anthony A.; Smith, Andrew G.; Lear, John T.; Bowers, Bill; Griffiths, C.E.M.; Jones, Peter W.; Strange, Richard C.

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000901)89:5<1012::aid-cncr10>3.0.co;2-o

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In long-term follow-up, this proportion rises to 9% [45]. While following the initial surgical procedure majority of recurrence was seen in three years, about 20% appears 6-10 years later after surgery [42].…”

Section: Autophagy and Basal Cell Carcinomasupporting

confidence: 93%

The Role of Autophagy in Stress and Cancer

Bostancıklıoğlu¹

2015

Single Cell Biol

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Programmed cell death plays an important role in development and disease. There are three main types of programmed cell death: apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Apoptosis works on the two basic pathways called extrinsic and intrinsic; when there is a stress factor in a cell, apoptosis starts. Autophagy is critical for the continuation of normal human physiology such as the cellular homeostasis, energy balance, development and cellular defense. In addition to these, it may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, muscular diseases, infectious diseases, and immune system diseases.While some autophagy genes showed tumor suppressive effect during the development of cancer, some other genes contributes to the survival of cancer cells during cancer progression. Therefore, the relationship between autophagy and cancer is quite complex. The role of autophagy in cancer varies depending on the stage of the cancer, the metabolic status of cell and the presence of stress. Also, it was reported that the expression of certain molecules associated with autophagy vary in different types of cancer. Autophagy is activated and allows the continuation of the viability of tumor cells in hypoxia. In case of nutrient deficiency, autophagy allows tumor tissue to gain time until nutrient, oxygen and growth factors become eligible again. Therefore, autophagy is seen as a necessary mechanism for tumor continuity. Autophagy increases both in cancer cells and normal cells during the cancer treatment. But, due to cancer cells use autophagy to survive more than normal cells; this case may generate new therapeutic opportunities. The studies needed to conduct to find new ways for using the genes play role in autophagy in cancer treatment.In the present study, we aimed to throw light on the interaction of autophagy mechanism and some stresses such as ischemia and reperfusion and cancer development.

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Section: Autophagy and Basal Cell Carcinomasupporting

confidence: 93%

The Role of Autophagy in Stress and Cancer

Bostancıklıoğlu¹

2015

Single Cell Biol

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“…24, 56, 57 Although key risk factors for a person’s first BCC include childhood sun exposure, fair skin, and being male, subsequent tumors are not reliably related to these variables. 21, 22 Psychological stress may play an important role in the tumor environment for this immunogenic tumor, and have important implications for subsequent BCC tumors. Future studies should further investigate the clinical implication of the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Risk factors for the first or index BCC include age, childhood sun exposure, fair skin, and being male; however, subsequent tumors are not reliably related to these variables. 21, 22 …”

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confidence: 99%

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Fagundes¹,

Glaser

Johnson

et al. 2012

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Context Child emotional maltreatment can result in lasting immune dysregulation that may be heightened in the context of more recent life stress. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, and the immune system plays a prominent role in tumor appearance and progression. Objective To address relationships among recent severe life events, childhood parental emotional maltreatment, depression, and messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for immune markers associated with BCC tumor progression/regression. Setting University medical center Design We collected information about early parent-child experiences, severe life events in the last year as assessed by the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS), depression, and mRNA for immune markers associated with BCC tumor progression/regression from BCC tumor patients. Participants 91 BCC patients (ages 23–92) who had all had a previous BCC tumor. Main Outcome Measures The expression of four BCC tumor mRNA markers (CD25, CD3ε, ICAM-1, and CD68) that have been linked to BCC tumor progression/regression were assessed in BCC tumor biopsies. Results Both maternal and paternal emotional maltreatment interacted with the occurrence of severe life events to predict the local immune response to the tumor (adjusted p=0.009, p=0.03, respectively). Among BCC patients who had experienced a severe life event within the past year, those who were emotionally maltreated by their mothers (p=0.007) or fathers (p=0.02) as children had a poorer immune response to the BCC tumor. Emotional maltreatment was unrelated to BCC immune responses among those who did not experience a severe life event. Depressive symptoms were not associated with the local tumor immune response. Conclusions Troubled early parent-child relationships, in combination with a severe life event in the past year, predicted immune responses to a BCC tumor. The immunoreactivity observed in BCCs and the surrounding stroma reflects an anti-tumor-specific immune response that can be altered by stress.

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“…Specialized centers include specific subgroups of patients with detailed risk factor information, but their results are often not generalizable because of selection processes with potential bias or confounding. 12,[15][16][17] The strongest risk factor for developing multiple BCC lesions appears to be a history of a prior lesion, representing the accumulation of gene-environmental interactions. An estimated 40% to 50% of patients with a BCC lesion develop subsequent tumors.…”

Section: B a S A L C E L L C A R C I N O M Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13,16 Most risk factors associated with developing a first lesion, such as age and hair color, are in accordance with findings from other studies, although men in our study were not found to be at increased risk, which has been observed in some but not all previous studies. 12,17 As expected, BCC risk increased with age, but people who developed their first lesion before 65.0 years of age were significantly more likely to develop multiple lesions.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%