Basal Ganglia ‘Loops’ with the Cerebral Cortex

Strick, Peter L.; Dum, Richard P.; Mushiake, Hajime

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68547-0_7

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, Tanji and his colleagues demonstrated that neurons in the monkey supplementary motor area may become active at a particular transition within a sequential behavior (Mushiake et al 1990;Halsband et al 1994;Tanji et al 1995). Similar neurons have been found in the prefrontal cortex (Joseph and Barone 1987), caudate nucleus (Kermadi and Joseph 1995), putamen (M. Kimura, personal communication), and globus pallidus (Strick et al 1995).…”

Section: Structure Of Procedural Memorymentioning

confidence: 74%

Characteristics of a long-term procedural skill in the monkey

Rand

Hikosaka

Miyachi

et al. 1998

Experimental Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to characterize the nature and structure of procedural memory. We have previously studied the process of learning sequential behavioral procedures using monkeys. The monkeys task was to press five consecutive pairs of buttons (indicated by illumination) in the correct order for every pair, which he had to find by trial-and-error in a block of trials. The whole sequence was called a ªhypersetº; each pair was called a ªsetº. We first examined whether monkeys learned to perform a hyperset as a single sequence or learned the order of button-presses individually for each set. To answer this question, we generated hypersets that were the same as the hypersets that had been extensively learned except that the order of the sets was reversed. The performance of these ªreversed hypersetsº was much worse than the performance of the original learned hypersets and was similar to the performance of new hypersets, as regards both the number of errors and the performance time. The result suggests that monkeys learned a hyperset as a sequence. To examine whether the learned performance was specific to the hand used for practice, we had monkeys use the same hand throughout the long-term practice of each hyperset, and then tested the opposite hand. The performance using the opposite hand was worse than the performance using the trained hand, but was better than the performance for new hypersets. This indicates that the memory for the sequential procedure is only partially accessible to the hand that was not used for the practice.

show abstract

Section: Structure Of Procedural Memorymentioning

confidence: 74%

Characteristics of a long-term procedural skill in the monkey

Rand

Hikosaka

Miyachi

et al. 1998

Experimental Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Clearly, however, this speculation needs to be directly examined in future research. Lastly, note that premotor cortex receives direct projections from the BG (Strick, 2004), which may suggest that the BG influences activity in the premotor cortex during BI. Also note that it is possible that our measure of inhibitory ability (the RT difference between ABA and CBA trials) might, in part, reflect the ability to overcome the inhibition of the initial task set (e.g., the initial task A) and that the regression of BI scores onto brain activity during a task switch may have therefore partially elicited brain activity related to the ability to overcome task set inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain activity related to the ability to inhibit previous task sets: an fMRI study

Whitmer

Banich

2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Switching between tasks requires individuals to inhibit mental representations of the previous task demands and to activate representations of the new demands. To date, investigators have identified only one way to measure task set inhibition-that is, through a backward inhibition (BI) paradigm. In this paradigm, participants take more time to return to a task set that was recently abandoned (e.g., "A" in an ABA task sequence) than to a nonrecently abandoned task set (e.g., CBA), and investigators have demonstrated that this time cost reflects time needed to overcome the inhibition of the recently abandoned task set. To date, however, investigators have not been able to use this paradigm, or any other, to isolate brain activity related to task set inhibition. For example, contrasting the brain activity elicited by ABA and CBA trials will not isolate activity related to task set inhibition, because inhibition occurs during the initial switch away from task A (i.e., ABA). Given that there is currently no way to directly isolate the brain activity related to task set inhibition, we decided instead to examine how brain activity during task switching varies in individuals who are better than others at inhibiting the previous task set. We found that participants who were good at inhibiting previous task sets, as measured with the BI paradigm, exhibited more activity in the basal ganglia and supplementary motor area/premotor area when task switching, as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that activity in these regions plays a role in task set inhibition.Keywords Task switching . Backward inhibition . Basal ganglia . Putamen . Executive control To engage in goal-driven behavior, individuals must maintain in working memory higher-order mental representations of the ongoing goal and of the procedures needed to implement that goal. These higher-order representations, which together form a "task set," will configure cognitive resources so that lower-level systems (e.g., the visual system) will be biased toward task-relevant information and the motoric system will implement the correct sequence of responses to such information. For example, to correct all of the misspelled words in a document, an individual must maintain a task set maintained in working memory that will bias the visual system to search for and identify misspelled words and to then enable the motoric system to enact the appropriate set of responses on the keyboard to correct those words when they are found.Investigators have demonstrated that although individuals must exert intentional "executive" control to implement a task set, even more control is needed if a change in demands (e.g., the doorbell rings during editing) requires individuals to switch tasks (see, e.g., Monsell, 2003). Task switching requires individuals to activate the new task set and also to deactivate the previous task set so that the new task set can gain dominance over behavior. Although the deactivation of no-longer-relevant task sets can...

show abstract

“…On the other hand, when each ''output channel'' is considered individually, it appears to be concerned with a specific aspect of motor or nonmotor function. A review of the pattern of inputs to each output channel in the basal ganglia suggests that the cortical area that is the target of output from a channel also is the major cortical input to that channel (Strick et al, 1995). This suggests that multiple closed loops form the major structural framework that links the cerebral cortex with the basal ganglia.…”

Section: Anatomical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, extensive physiological mapping of the GPi is routinely performed in patients undergoing pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (e.g., Bakay et al, 1992;Baron et al, 1996). The regions of the GPi and SNpr that contain ''motor-related'' neurons in these studies appear to coincide with the portions of the nuclei that target motor areas of the cerebral cortex , 1999Lynch et al, 1994;Strick et al, 1995). In contrast, large portions of GPi and SNpr contain neurons whose activity is not modulated by simple skeletomotor or oculomotor tasks.…”

Section: Single-unit Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal Ganglia Output and Cognition: Evidence from Anatomical, Behavioral, and Clinical Studies

Middleton

Strick

2000

Brain and Cognition

Self Cite

603

392

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The traditional view that the basal ganglia are simply involved in the control of movement has been challenged in recent years. Three lines of evidence indicate that the basal ganglia also are involved in nonmotor operations. First, the results of anatomical studies clearly indicate that the basal ganglia participate in multiple circuits or 'loops' with cognitive areas of the cerebral cortex. Second, the activity of neurons within selected portions of the basal ganglia is more related to cognitive or sensory operations than to motor functions. Finally, in some instances basal ganglia lesions cause primarily cognitive or sensory disturbances without gross motor impairments. In this report, we briefly review some of these data and present a new anatomical framework for understanding the basal ganglia contributions to nonmotor function.

show abstract

Basal Ganglia ‘Loops’ with the Cerebral Cortex

Cited by 35 publications

References 19 publications

Characteristics of a long-term procedural skill in the monkey

Characteristics of a long-term procedural skill in the monkey

Brain activity related to the ability to inhibit previous task sets: an fMRI study

Basal Ganglia Output and Cognition: Evidence from Anatomical, Behavioral, and Clinical Studies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About