Basal Skin Conductance and Neonatal State

Weller, George M.; Bell, Richard Q.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1965.tb05326.x

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, this does not make it possible to dismiss the possibility of child effects. Second-or later-born neonates show higher skin conductance than firstborn (Weller & Bell, 1965). There is collateral evidence that this indicates heightened arousal and greater maturity in this early period, though there is no information available on later development.…”

Section: Reinterpretation Of Recentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization.

Bell¹

1968

Psychological Review

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646

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Studies are summarized indicating that the basic model of socialization, the action of a parent on a child, is too limited to accommodate data emerging from recent studies of human and animal Ss. A set of propositions is presented concerning the effects of congenital factors in children on parent behavior. This system is applied to current findings in several major areas. Current literature on socialization, based largely on correlations between parent and child behavior, can be reinterpreted plausibly as indicating effects of children on parents. A correlation does not indicate direction of effect. The effect of children on parents can no longer be dismissed as only a logical but implausible alternative explanation of a correlation.

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Section: Reinterpretation Of Recentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization.

Bell¹

1968

Psychological Review

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1,693

646

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“…1). There was no such sex difference in class B. that mothers do not treat their sons and daughters in the same way even in early infancy (Moss, 1967;Levine, Fishman and Kagan, 1967;Goldberg and Lewis, 1969), and girl and boy babies differ in behaviour (Smith, 1936;Weller and Bell, 1965;Moss, 1967). Goldberg and Lewis (1969) have shown that l-yr-old girls prefer fine motor activities while boys spend more time in gross motor activity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free‐play in Nursery School Children

Clark

Wyon

Richards

1969

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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INTRODUCTIONTo UNDERSTAND adult social behaviour we must know something of its development. Por the child, an important phase in the development of his social relations is the shift from the small circle of his family to the wider horizons of school and peer groups. This phase may be conveniently studied in a nursery school, which, for many children, represents their first encounter with a large group of like-aged children.The description and analysis of social behaviour in nursery schools was one of the dominant themes iti American child psychology in the 192O's and 193O's. Though some of the work was marred by a preoccupation with the nature-nurture pseudoquestion and naive motivational assumptions, much valuable descriptive work was achieved before the tradition was lost in the 194O's. Two of the reasons for this demise are pointed out in a perceptive and prophetic essay by Lawrence Frank in a volume that serves as a fitting memorial to the era (Barker, Kounin and Wright, 1943). "The skill and ingenuity that have been displayed in the construction and refinement of these instruments [I.Q,. tests] should be emphasized because at times it appeared that the interest of child psychologists was so absorbed in this occupation that it precluded much concern for or curiosity about the children themselves . . .[this] threatened to arrest the further developtnent of child psychology, in so far as other interests and problems not susceptible to psychometric formulation and approach were neglected." Prank was over-optimistic in writing this in the past tense, as he was when he pointed out that "the increasing prestige of the statistical method not only operated to condition the problems which students selected for study" but also produced anomalies which could not "be resolved because so little was known about the child subjects beyond sex and chronological age and the one or two measurements tbat had been obtained". These trends, coupled with the domination o^S~R psychology, killed the tradition.In the last few years we have seen a revival of interest in descriptive studies which may be largely attributed to a few ethologists who have turned their attention from animals to their own species. They are producing detailed descriptions of the expressions, gestures and movements of pre-school children (Blurton Jones, 1967; McGrew, 19G8) which are a necessary element for a successful analysis of social behaviour.The quality and quantity of social interaction is, in part, determined by the situation in which children meet. Por example, several studies have shown that social interaction varies with the occupation chosen by the child (Parten, 1933;Green, 1933} and is more marked in the absence of toys (Johnson, 1935). Restriction of

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“…Efforts aimed at exploring these variables in infancy have met with mixed success. Sex differences have been reported by Bell and his co-workers in neonates' reactions to various stimuli (Bell & Costello, 1964;Bell & Darling, 1965;Weller & Bell, 1965); by Kagan and Lewis (1965), and by Lewis (1969) in infants' attentive responses and by Goldberg and Lewis (1969) in infant-mother attachment and in play behavior. Social class differences have been reported by Wachs, Uzgiris, and Hunt (1967) for tasks involving motor imitations and verbal facility, and on subtests of the Infant Psychological Development Scale based on Piaget's model of intellectual development.…”

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confidence: 88%

Social Class and Sex Differences in the Attachment and Play Behavior of the Year‐old Infant1

Messer

Lewis

1970

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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In the present study approximately 15 boy and 15 girl infants, Caucasian and from a lower socioeconomic background, were seen in a free play situation exactly replicating the Goldberg and Lewis (1969) study. Social class and sex differences were explored in attachment behavior to mother and play behavior.Social class differences in vocalization were observed which suggested that the linguistic deficiency usually reported for the lower class is visible by one year of age. Sex differences in attacr~ent behavior were again observed and indicated that across different social classes one-year-old girls show more attachment behavior than boys.

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Basal Skin Conductance and Neonatal State

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization.

A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization.

Free‐play in Nursery School Children

Social Class and Sex Differences in the Attachment and Play Behavior of the Year‐old Infant1

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