Base sequence of a cloned snake W-chromosome DNA fragment and identification of a male-specific putative mRNA in the mouse.

Epplen, Jörg T.; McCarrey, John R.; Sutou, Shizuyo; Ohno, Susumu

doi:10.1073/pnas.79.12.3798

Cited by 135 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There could be other sequences with ability to form Z-DNA in vivo. Other types ofsimple repetitive sequence such as (T-C)n and (G-A-T-A)n have been reported in cloned genes (31,32). Furthermore, a high copy number of poly(dG)poly(dC) sequence was detected by hybridization in the calf and chicken genomes but many fewer in human and mouse genome (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes.

Hamada¹,

Petrino²,

Kakunaga³

1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

628

264

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By Southern blotting and hybridization analysis using 32P-labeled poly(dT-dG)-poly(dC-dA) as a probe, we have found, in eukaryotic genomes, a huge number of stretches of dTdG alternating sequence, a sequence that has been shown to adopt the Z-DNA conformation under some conditions. This sequence was found in all eukaryotic genomes examined from yeast to human, indicating extraordinary evolutionary conservation. The number of the sequence ranged from about 100 in yeast to tens of thousands in higher eukaryotes. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of dT-dG alternating regions and its flanking regions in several cloned genes showed that the repeated element [the Z(T-G) element] consists only ofdT-dG alternating sequence with variable length. The presence of another purine-pyrimidine alternating sequence was also surveyed in eukaryotic genomes by Southern blot hybridization using 32P-labeled poly(dG-dC)-poly(dGdC) as the probe. The stretches of dC-dG alternating sequence [the Z(C-G) element] were found to be moderately repetitive in human, mouse, and salmon genomes. However, a few and no copies of the Z(C-G) element were found in yeast and calf genomes, respectively. These results provide evidence for the abundance of potential Z-DNA-forming sequences in nature.Recent physicochemical studies of DNA conformation have shown that some synthetic DNAs with certain primary sequences have a novel conformation, called the Z form (1-4). Although the Z conformation was first observed with poly(dGdC) and most studies on Z-DNA have been done with it, other synthetic purine-pyrimidine alternating sequences such as poly(dT-dG)-poly(dC-dA) (2, 5, 6) and poly(ds4A-dT) (2) have also been shown to adopt the Z conformation. Until recently, however, there has been little direct evidence that such Z-DNA-forming sequences exist in native DNA. Nordheim et at (7) have shown that a specific antibody against brominated poly(dG-dC)-poly(dG-dC), a polymer that forms a Z-DNA under physiological conditions, reacts with interband regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Recently, we have shown that the human genome has approximately 105 copies of stretches of dT-dG alternating sequence (8). A tandem block of 17 T-G (9) and 27 T-G dinucleotides (10) were found in human globin and in mouse immunoglobin genes, respectively, but the general occurrence of these sequences in the genomes was not investigated.Here we report that one of the Z-DNA-forming sequences, a long stretch of dT-dG alternating sequence is the sole unit of a repeated element [designated the Z(T-G) element] that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic genome evolution. Furthermore, another Z-DNA-forming sequence, a stretch of dC-dG sequence, was found to be at least a part of another repeated element [designated the Z(C-G) element] and is moderately repeated in human, mouse, and salmon genomes but not in yeast or calf DNA.MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials. Calfthymus DNA, salmon sperm DNA, and poly-(dG-dC)-poly(dG-dC) were purchased from Sigma. Poly(dTdG)-poly(dC-dA) was o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes.

Hamada¹,

Petrino²,

Kakunaga³

1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

628

264

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“…Regarding the first element, it was initially discovered by Epplen et al (1982), and several subsequent studies showed that this sequence is conserved in different species, including humans (Srivastava et al, 2008), and seems to be associated to sex determination and evolution of sex chromosomes in snake groups (Jones & Singh, 1985). Although no sex chromosome system has been described in Auchenipteridae, this highly dispersed sequence found in A. inermis is a new factor to the group, which must be further exploited in other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of chromosomal fusion in the karyotypic evolution of the genus Ageneiosus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae)

et al. 2013

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Ageneiosus is the most widely distributed genus of the family Auchenipteridae among South American river basins. Although chromosome studies in the family are scarce, this genus has the largest number of analyzed species, with 2n = 54 to 56 chromosomes, differing from the rest of the family (2n = 58). This study aimed to analyze Ageneiosus inermis from the Araguaia River basin. The diploid number found was of 56 chromosomes. Heterochromatin was allocated in terminal region of most chromosomes, plus a pericentromeric heterochromatic block in pair 1, a pair distinguished by size in relation to other chromosomes pairs. AgNORs were detected in only one submetacentric chromosome pair, which was confirmed by FISH. 5S rDNA was present in only one metacentric chromosome pair. Hybridization with [TTAGGG] n sequence marked the telomeres of all chromosomes, in addition to an ITS in the proximal region of the short arm of pair 1. The repetitive [GATA] n sequence was dispersed, with preferential location in terminal region of the chromosomes. Ageneiosus has a genomic organization somewhat different when compared to other Auchenipteridae species. Evidences indicate that a chromosomal fusion originated the first metacentric chromosome pair in A. inermis, rearrangement which may be a basal event for the genus.Ageneiosus é o gênero da família Auchenipteridae mais amplamente distribuído em bacias da América do Sul. Apesar dos estudos cromossômicos nesta família serem escassos, este gênero tem o maior número de espécies analisadas, com número diploide variando de 54 a 56 cromossomos, o que difere do restante da família (2n = 58). Este estudo objetivou analisar Ageneiosus inermis da bacia do rio Araguaia. O número diploide encontrado foi de 56 cromossomos. A heterocromatina se mostrou localizada na região terminal da maioria dos cromossomos, além de um bloco heterocromático pericentromérico no par 1, um par facilmente distinguível no cariótipo pelo seu maior tamanho quando comparado aos outros pares do complemento. AgRONs foram detectadas em somente um par de cromossomos submetacêntricos, que foi confirmado pela FISH. 5S rDNA se mostrou presente em somente um par de cromossomos metacêntricos. A hibridização com a sequência [TTAGGG] n marcou os telômeros de todos os cromossomos, além de um ITS (sequência telomérica intersticial) na região proximal do braço curto do par 1. A sequência repetitiva [GATA] n se mostrou dispersa, com localização preferencial na região terminal dos cromossomos. Ageneiosus apresenta uma organização genômica um pouco diferente quando comparada a outras espécies de Auchenipteridae. As evidências indicam que uma fusão cromossômica originou o primeiro par de cromossomos metacêntricos de A. inermis, rearranjo que parece ser um evento basal para o gênero.

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“…The Banded krait minor satellite (Bkm) sequerices are present in the heterogametic sex of many vertebrates, e.g. on the W chromosome of birds (Jones and Singh 1985) and the Y chromosome of the mouse (Epplen et al 1982;Singh et al 1984). A considerable part of this satellite sequence consists of particular simple repetitive sequences, (gata)n and (gaca)m, which are present in a wide range of vertebrates (Epplen 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early stages of sex chromosome differentiation in fish as analysed by simple repetitive DNA sequences

Nanda

Schartl²,

Feichtinger

et al. 1992

Chromosoma

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Abstract. Animal sex chromosome evolution has started on different occasions with a homologous pair of autosomes leading to morphologically differentiated gonosomes. In contrast to other vertebrate classes, among fishes cytologically dernonstrahle sex chromosomes are rare. In reptiles, certain motifs of simple tandemly repeated DNA sequences like (gata)n/(gaca)m are associated with the constitutive heterochromatin of sex chromosomes. In this study a panel of simple repetitive sequence probes was hybridized to restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA of poeciliid fishes. Apparent male heterogamety previously established by genetic experiments in Poecilia reticulata (guppy) was correlated with male-specific hybridization using the (GACA) 4 probe. The (GAT A) 4 oligonucleotide identifies certain male guppies by a Y chromosomal polymorphism in the outbred population. In cantrast none of the genetically defined heterogametic situations in Xiphophorus could be verified consistently using the collection of simple repetitive sequence probes. Only individuals from particular populations produced sex-specific patterns of hybridization with (GAT A) 4 • Additional poeciliid species (P. sphenops, P. velifera) harbour different sex-specifically organized simple repeat motifs. The observed sex-specific hybridization patterns were substantiated by banding analyses of the karyotypes and by in situ hybridization using the (GACA) 4 probe.

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Base sequence of a cloned snake W-chromosome DNA fragment and identification of a male-specific putative mRNA in the mouse.

Cited by 135 publications

References 23 publications

A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes.

A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes.

The role of chromosomal fusion in the karyotypic evolution of the genus Ageneiosus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae)

Early stages of sex chromosome differentiation in fish as analysed by simple repetitive DNA sequences

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