Baseball and Softball

Rice, Sarah; Congeni, Joseph

doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3593

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Young children often have less coordination and skill than older players. 2,19 The focus for young players should be to develop physical fitness, athleticism, knowledge of baseball, and enjoyment of the game. Strength and physical conditioning programs for younger players should be aimed at developing general fitness and athleticism, with concentration on functional strength for pitching added for the more advanced athletes.…”

Section: Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of Elbow Injuries in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Fleisig

Andrews

2012

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

234

177

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Context:Although baseball is a relatively safe sport, numerous reports suggest a rapid rise in elbow injury rate among youth baseball pitchers.Evidence Acquisition:PubMed was searched for epidemiologic, biomechanical, and clinical studies of elbow injuries in baseball (keywords: “youth OR adolescent” AND baseball AND pitching AND “ulnar collateral ligament OR elbow”; published January 2000 – April 2012). Studies with relevance to youth baseball pitchers were reviewed. Relevant references from these articles were also retrieved and reviewed. Original data, insight, and recommendations were added.Results:The majority of baseball elbow injuries are noncontact injuries to the dominant arm resulting from repetitive pitching. Five percent of youth pitchers suffer a serious elbow or shoulder injury (requiring surgery or retirement from baseball) within 10 years. The risk factor with the strongest correlation to injury is amount of pitching. Specifically, increased pitches per game, innings pitched per season, and months pitched per year are all associated with increased risk of elbow injury. Pitching while fatigued and pitching for concurrent teams are also associated with increased risk. Pitchers who also play catcher have an increased injury risk, perhaps due to the quantity of throws playing catcher adds to the athlete’s arm. Another risk factor is poor pitching biomechanics. Improper biomechanics may increase the torque and force produced about the elbow during each pitch. Although throwing breaking pitches at a young age has been suggested as a risk factor, existing clinical, epidemiologic, and biomechanical data do not support this claim.Conclusions:Some elbow injuries to youth baseball pitchers can be prevented with safety rules, recommendations, education, and common sense. Scientific and medical organizations have published safety rules and recommendations, with emphasis on prevention of overuse and pitching while fatigued.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):A

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Section: Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,5,6,29,35,46 Most of the focus has been correctly placed on awareness and prevention of overuse. Furthermore, although research has been unable to prove an association between youth curveballs and elbow injury, many organizations and leading clinicians believe this is a risk factor and discourage curveballs before skeletal maturity.…”

Section: Injury Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Elbow Injuries in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Fleisig

Andrews

2012

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

234

177

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“…In 2007, approximately 110,000 children and adolescents between 5 and 14 years of age went to an emergency room as a result of injuries sustained during baseball or softball practice in the United States. 16 The incidence of injuries for baseball and softball pitchers in 11 high schools in South Carolina was greater than for players in other positions (37.3% vs 15.3%). 18 In the past few years, both elbow injuries in pitchers as well as ulnar collateral ligament surgeries 1 in adolescents have increased.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Compliance With Injury Prevention Measures in Youth Pitchers

et al. 2016

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Background:Because of the problem of elbow and shoulder injuries in baseball pitchers between 9 and 14 years of age, the USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee and the Department of Recreation and Sports in Puerto Rico developed injury prevention guidelines for pitchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the compliance of pitching coaches of 9- to 14-year-old Little League teams in Puerto Rico with the Administrative Order 2006-01 and the USA Baseball guidelines.Hypotheses:(1) The coaches will have a satisfactory level of compliance with the Administrative Order as well as with the USA Baseball guidelines and (2) both the level of education of the coach as well as the years of experience will correlate with the level of compliance.Study Design:Descriptive cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence:Level 5.Methods:A self-administered questionnaire was developed based on the Administrative Order and on the USA Baseball guidelines. A descriptive univariate analysis was conducted to determine the mean coach compliance with both guidelines. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe the correlation between the level of education and the years of experience of the coaches with the level of compliance.Results:Thirty-five coaches (response rate, 78%) participated in the study. On average, the coaches complied with 70% of the Administrative Order and with 73% of the USA Baseball guidelines. No significant correlations were found.Conclusion:The coaches who participated in the study did not reflect a satisfactory level of compliance with the USA Baseball guidelines or with the Administrative Order.Clinical Relevance:These findings emphasize the need for reinforcing compliance with the injury prevention guidelines and the need to provide resources and training to coaches to effectively prevent elbow and shoulder injuries in pitchers.

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“…Since the first non-wood bats were introduced to baseball in the early 1970s as an inexpensive and durable approach to address the cost and fragility of wood bats, there have been concerns with the effects of increased bat performance on safety and the balance between offense and defense 1 . To address these concerns, governing bodies such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) have a bat certification process that requires standardized laboratory testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batting Cage Performance of Wood and Nonwood Youth Baseball Bats

Crisco

Rainbow

Schwartz

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to examine the batting cage performance of wood and nonwood baseball bats used at the youth level. Three wood and ten nonwood bats were swung by 22 male players (13 to 18 years old) in a batting cage equipped with a 3-dimensional motion capture (300 Hz) system. Batted ball speeds were compared using a one-way ANOVA and bat swing speeds were analyzed as a function of bat moment of inertia by linear regression. Batted ball speeds were significantly faster for three nonwood bat models (P<.001), significantly slower for one nonwood model, and not different for six nonwood bats when compared with wood bats. Bat impact speed significantly (P<.05) decreased with increasing bat moment of inertia for the 13-, 14-, and 15-year-old groups, but not for the other age groups. Ball-bat coefficients of restitution (BBCOR) for all nonwood were greater than for wood, but this factor alone did not correlate with bat performance. Our findings indicate that increases in BBCOR and swing speed were not associated with faster batted ball speeds for the bats studied whose moment of inertia was substantially less than that of a wood bat of similar length.

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Baseball and Softball

Cited by 48 publications

References 50 publications

Prevention of Elbow Injuries in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Prevention of Elbow Injuries in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Compliance With Injury Prevention Measures in Youth Pitchers

Batting Cage Performance of Wood and Nonwood Youth Baseball Bats

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