Baseline metal-in-dust concentrations in Greater London

Schwar, M. J. R.; Moorcroft, J.S.; Laxen, D. P. H.; Thompson, Michael; Armorgie, C.J.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90359-2

Cited by 56 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…As it was just remarked, Factor 2 appears to be the only one directly linked with non-natural sources. The association of Pb, Cd, Sb and Cu, and with lower loadings, Mo, Fe, Ni, Ba, Cr, Bi, Zn and Co suggests that Factor 2 represents a complex mixture of urban influences: traffic, characterized by Pb-Cu-Ba-Zn (De Miguel et al, 1997; Table 2 Mean concentration of trace elements (jj.g g~') in street dust in several cities (last two columns show particle sizeanalysis and the protocol used to digest the samples, respectively) -in |^m-retained for Akhter and Madany (1993) <c) Charlesworth et al (2003) <d) Arslan (2001) <e) Banerjee (2003) <f) Ramlan and Badri (1989) <g) Schwar et al (1988) <h) De Miguel et al (1997) (i) Robertson et al (2003) a) Rasmussen et al (2000) <k) Chon et al (1995) (1) Kim et al (1998) ^'Sample was ground prior to digestion. Stigliani and Anderberg, 1991;Kowalczyk et al, 1978Kowalczyk et al, , 1982Drew, 1975;Friedlander, 1973); uncontrolled incineration of wastes, a widespread practice in Luanda, which could supply significant amounts of Zn, Cd, Sb and Pb (Wadge and Hutton, 1985;Pacyna, 1983;Kowalczyk et al, 1978Kowalczyk et al, , 1982; and paint flakes from deteriorating old facades or recently redecorated walls, contributing high concentrations of Pb and Cd (Fergusson and Kim, 1991;Schwar et al, 1988;Davies et al, 1987;Rundle and Duggan, 1986).…”

Section: Resulte and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the emissions from several point-sources (vehicular traffic, heating systems, building deterioration, construction and renovation, corrosion of galvanized metal structures, etc.) contribute directly to the street-dust load in their proximity (Harrison, 1979;Hopke et al, 1980;Schwar et al, 1988). Street dust does not remain deposited in place for long.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

Ferreira-Baptista

Miguel²

2005

Atmospheric Environment

908

290

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A total of 92 samples of street dust were collected in Luanda, Angola, were sieved below 100 urn, and analysed by ICP-MS for 35 elements after an aqua-regia digestion. The concentration and spatial heterogeneity of trace elements in the street dust of Luanda are generally lower than in most industrialized cities in the Northern hemisphere. These observations reveal a predominantly "natural" origin for the street dust in Luanda, which is also manifested in that some geochemical processes that occur in natural soils are preserved in street dust: the separation of uranium from thorium, and the retention of the former by carbonate materials, or the high correlation between arsenic and vanadium due to their common mode of adsorption on solid particles in the form of oxyanions. The only distinct anthropogenic fingerprint in the composition of Luanda's street dust is the association Pb-Cd-Sb-Cu (and to a lesser extent, Ba-Cr-Zn). The use of risk assessment strategies has proved helpful in identifying the routes of exposure to street dust and the trace elements therein of most concern in terms of potential adverse health effects. In Luanda the highest levels of risk seem to be associated (a) with the presence of As and Pb in the street dust and (b) with the route of ingestion of dust particles, for all the elements included in the study except Hg, for which inhalation of vapours presents a slightly higher risk than ingestion. However, given the large uncertainties associated with the estimates of toxicity values and exposure factors, and the absence of site-specific biometric factors, these results should be regarded as preliminary and further research should be undertaken before any definite conclusions regarding potential health effects are drawn.

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Section: Resulte and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

Ferreira-Baptista

Miguel²

2005

Atmospheric Environment

908

290

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“…Culbard et al [5] in 1988 found a geometric mean concentration of about 7 pg/g in a large national survey in Great Britain, which is somewhat higher than the median level found in the present study (5.0 pg/g). The concentra tion of cadmium in outdoor dust in Greater London was 2-7 pg/g [14],…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium and Lead Levels in House Dust from Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Homes Related to Nicotine Levels

Willers¹,

Hein²,

Schütz³

1993

Indoor Built Environ

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In children there is an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and blood lead levels. One possible explanation is a contamination of house dust by cigarette ash and smoke, since several studies have shown that house dust is a source of lead exposure. Thus, house dust samples from the vacuum cleaner sacks from 72 homes in the city of Copenhagen were analysed for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The lead concentration was higher in fine than in coarse fraction (medians 190 vs. 140 μg/g; p = 0.0001). For cadmium the median concentrations were 5.0 μg/g in both fractions. No statistically significant association was found between the smoking habits, the socioeconomic status of the residents, the presence of wall-to-wall carpets, or dust nicotine levels, on the one hand, and the metal levels in the house dust, on the other. Thus, tobacco is not an important source of contamination of house dust with lead and cadmium. However, high levels found in some samples indicate that house dust may be a significant source of lead and cadmium exposure, in some small children.

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“…This process can raise the concentration of both elements in street dust to valúes of 44,000 ug g~ of Zn and 20 ug g~ of Cd in the particulate material collected from under the metal ledges and balconies of oíd buildings (De Miguel et al 1997). Elevated levéis of Cd and Pb in street dust can also be associated with the accumulation of paint flakes from deteriorating oíd facades or recently redecorated walls (Rundle and Duggan 1986;Davies et al 1987;Schwar et al 1988;Fergusson and Kim 1991). The interest in this source of Pb in street dust aróse from evidence that children were readily exposed to these particles, both at home and at school , and that this exposure resulted in toxic effects (Harvey et al 1985;Mielke et al 1999).…”

Section: Street Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several point-sources that contribute directly to street dust (Hopke et al 1980;Schwar et al 1988) the most relevant of which is vehicular traffic (see Sect. "Traffic"), in particular car exhaust emissions which were responsible for elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ba.…”

Section: Street Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk

Charlesworth

Miguel²,

Ordóñez

2010

Environ Geochem Health

252

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We review the evolution, state of the art and future lines of research on the sources, transport pathways, and sinks of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments to include the atmosphere, soils, and street and indoor dusts. Such studies reveal reductions in the emissions of some elements of historical concern such as Pb, with interest consequently focusing on other toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu. While establishment of levéis of these elements is important in assessing the potential impacts of human society on the urban environment, it is also necessary to apply this knowledge in conjunction with information on the toxicity of those trace elements and the degree of exposure of human receptors to an assessment of whether such contamination represents a real risk to the city's inhabitants and therefore how this risk can be addressed.

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Baseline metal-in-dust concentrations in Greater London

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

Cadmium and Lead Levels in House Dust from Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Homes Related to Nicotine Levels

A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk

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