Baseline Prevalence of Heart Diseases, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Obesity in Persons with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Potential Threats in the Recovery Trajectory

Selassie, Anbesaw W.; Snipe, Leah; Focht, Kendrea L.; Welldaregay, Wodajo

doi:10.1310/sci1903-172

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Subjects with SCI are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disturbances that contribute to approximately 40% of deaths in these individuals (Garshick et al, 2005 ). In addition, in a significant proportion of SCI individuals, hypertension, an inflammatory condition, is a prevalent cardiovascular risk factor (Lee et al, 2006 ; Selassie et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Inflammatory Effects On Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Anwar

Shehabi

Eid

2016

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

355

258

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal infarction lead to neurological complications and eventually to paraplegia or quadriplegia. These extremely debilitating conditions are major contributors to morbidity. Our understanding of SCI has certainly increased during the last decade, but remains far from clear. SCI consists of two defined phases: the initial impact causes primary injury, which is followed by a prolonged secondary injury consisting of evolving sub-phases that may last for years. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving this condition are complex. Derangement of the vasculature is a notable feature of the pathology of SCI. In particular, an important component of SCI is the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability. Indeed, together with endothelial cell damage and failure in homeostasis, ischemia reperfusion injury triggers full-blown inflammatory cascades arising from activation of residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit. Therefore, our review considers the recent advances in SCI mechanisms, whereby it becomes clear that SCI is a heterogeneous condition. Hence, this leads towards evidence of a restorative approach based on monotherapy with multiple targets or combinatorial treatment. Moreover, from evaluation of the existing literature, it appears that there is an urgent requirement for multi-centered, randomized trials for a large patient population. These clinical studies would offer an opportunity in stratifying SCI patients at high risk and selecting appropriate, optimal therapeutic regimens for personalized medicine.

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Section: Inflammatory Effects On Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Anwar

Shehabi

Eid

2016

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

355

258

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“…Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that the prevalence of multiple risk factors is higher in individuals with SCI when compared to the general population. [6][7][8] These risk factors include, but are not limited to, an increased prevalence of: central obesity; 9 dyslipidemia with lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels; elevated total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C ratios; 10,11 type II diabetes mellitus; 12,13 elevated C-reactive protein (CRP); 4 and an increased incidence of hypertension in individuals with paraplegia. 14 While it is well established that the SCI population has a high prevalence of a number of CVD risk factors, there is a paucity of studies that correlate the prevalence of these risk factors with implementation of management protocols or evidence-informed treatment guidelines, contrary to the abundance of these tools for the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Prevalence of untreated risk factors and poor adherence to treatment guidelines

Chopra

Miyatani

Craven

2016

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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“…Cardiovascular complications represent the leading cause of death in chronic SCI individuals [ 241 , 242 , 243 ]. Partial central deafferentation of spinal neurons causes atrophy of the spinal sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons [ 206 ].…”

Section: Energy Balance Lipid Accumulation and Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease

Roy

Tedeschi

2021

Cells

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Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant in all cell membranes, including neurons. Not only immature axons, but also severed axons in the adult require large amounts of lipids for axon regeneration to occur. Lipids also serve as energy storage, signaling molecules and they contribute to tissue physiology, as demonstrated by a variety of metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in various tissues through the body. Detrimental changes in lipid metabolism and excess accumulation of lipids contribute to a lack of axon regeneration, poor neurological outcome and complications after a variety of central nervous system (CNS) trauma including brain and spinal cord injury. Recent evidence indicates that rewiring lipid metabolism can be manipulated for therapeutic gain, as it favors conditions for axon regeneration and CNS repair. Here, we review the role of lipids, lipid metabolism and ectopic lipid accumulation in axon growth, regeneration and CNS repair. In addition, we outline molecular and pharmacological strategies to fine-tune lipid composition and energy metabolism in neurons and non-neuronal cells that can be exploited to improve neurological recovery after CNS trauma and disease.

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Baseline Prevalence of Heart Diseases, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Obesity in Persons with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Potential Threats in the Recovery Trajectory

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Prevalence of untreated risk factors and poor adherence to treatment guidelines

The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease

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