Abstract:Differentiation and development of parasites, including longevity in host animals, are thought to be governed by host-parasite interactions. In this review, several topics on the developmental biology of cestode infections are discussed from immunobiological perspective with a focus on Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus infections. The basic premise of this review is that 'differentiation and development of cestodes' are somehow affected by host immune responses with an evolutionary history.
“…Results from a commercially available ELISA [66] without any direct evidence of infection should be re-evaluated by immunoblot using purified antigens [67-78], since cross-reactions may occur among the various Taenia spp. that infect pigs (see below) [36,37]. Optimally, serological tools should be evaluated against pig necropsy findings as is currently underway in Karangasem, Bali (Dharmawan et al .…”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It strongly suggests that T. solium is still exclusively spreading in relatively small rural and remote mountainous villages in Karangasem.Figure 6
Cysticerci of
T. solium
in one dog (a) and three pigs (b, c, d). One dog full of cysticerci (a) [34] and pigs contaminated with light (b) , middle (c) and heavy (d) infections with cysticerci confirmed based on the naked eye-ELISA (Dharmawan et al unpublished) [36,67,69,70]. …”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One dog full of cysticerci (a) [34] and pigs contaminated with light (b) , middle (c) and heavy (d) infections with cysticerci confirmed based on the naked eye-ELISA (Dharmawan et al unpublished) [36,67,69,70]. …”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, dogs can also become infected with cysticerci through the ingestion of parasite eggs [34]. Although it is conceived that humans were only obligatory intermediate host when this parasite emerged as a human parasite without involvement of pigs, humans are now paratenic hosts unless cannibalisms happen under extremely chaotic unusual conditions [35,36]. In humans, NCC resulting in epileptic seizures can be a life-threatening disease [7,12,16,25].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Eggs from mature adult worms can infect pigs, dogs and humans resulting in cysticercosis. While ingesting infected pork is the most common way for a person to acquire T. solium taeniasis, eating dog meat does occur in parts of Asia including Indonesia, and may be responsible for some cases [34,36,37]. Figure 1
The life cycle of three human
Taenia
tapeworms (modified from CDC [22]).…”
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, was common in Bali, Indonesia until the early 1990s. However, improved education on hygiene and sanitation, a move to keeping pigs indoors, and improvement of economic and living conditions have substantially reduced the occurrence of NCC in Bali. Since 2011, T. solium tapeworm carriers (T. solium taeniasis) and heavily infected pigs and dogs have exclusively been detected from villages in mountainous regions of northeastern Bali where NCC and ocular cysticercosis (OCC) cases have also been identified. In response to this continued area of high infection, a one-day workshop was convened to discuss how to prevent and control this potentially lethal zoonotic parasitic infection in Bali. This review presents an overview of the current status of T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Indonesia and proposes a strategy for the prevention and control of this zoonosis in Bali.
“…Results from a commercially available ELISA [66] without any direct evidence of infection should be re-evaluated by immunoblot using purified antigens [67-78], since cross-reactions may occur among the various Taenia spp. that infect pigs (see below) [36,37]. Optimally, serological tools should be evaluated against pig necropsy findings as is currently underway in Karangasem, Bali (Dharmawan et al .…”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It strongly suggests that T. solium is still exclusively spreading in relatively small rural and remote mountainous villages in Karangasem.Figure 6
Cysticerci of
T. solium
in one dog (a) and three pigs (b, c, d). One dog full of cysticerci (a) [34] and pigs contaminated with light (b) , middle (c) and heavy (d) infections with cysticerci confirmed based on the naked eye-ELISA (Dharmawan et al unpublished) [36,67,69,70]. …”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One dog full of cysticerci (a) [34] and pigs contaminated with light (b) , middle (c) and heavy (d) infections with cysticerci confirmed based on the naked eye-ELISA (Dharmawan et al unpublished) [36,67,69,70]. …”
Section: Cysticercosis In Indonesiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, dogs can also become infected with cysticerci through the ingestion of parasite eggs [34]. Although it is conceived that humans were only obligatory intermediate host when this parasite emerged as a human parasite without involvement of pigs, humans are now paratenic hosts unless cannibalisms happen under extremely chaotic unusual conditions [35,36]. In humans, NCC resulting in epileptic seizures can be a life-threatening disease [7,12,16,25].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Eggs from mature adult worms can infect pigs, dogs and humans resulting in cysticercosis. While ingesting infected pork is the most common way for a person to acquire T. solium taeniasis, eating dog meat does occur in parts of Asia including Indonesia, and may be responsible for some cases [34,36,37]. Figure 1
The life cycle of three human
Taenia
tapeworms (modified from CDC [22]).…”
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, was common in Bali, Indonesia until the early 1990s. However, improved education on hygiene and sanitation, a move to keeping pigs indoors, and improvement of economic and living conditions have substantially reduced the occurrence of NCC in Bali. Since 2011, T. solium tapeworm carriers (T. solium taeniasis) and heavily infected pigs and dogs have exclusively been detected from villages in mountainous regions of northeastern Bali where NCC and ocular cysticercosis (OCC) cases have also been identified. In response to this continued area of high infection, a one-day workshop was convened to discuss how to prevent and control this potentially lethal zoonotic parasitic infection in Bali. This review presents an overview of the current status of T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Indonesia and proposes a strategy for the prevention and control of this zoonosis in Bali.
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