Basic Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity

Fields, Karl B.; Bloom, Oliver; Priebe, David; Foreman, Brett

doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.006

Cited by 14 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Fatigue results when these muscles work for an extended period of time against an unstable fulcrum [1,3,6]. Therefore, supination during midstance returns the foot to a neutral position locking the midtarsal joint and providing a stable platform for propulsion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gait cycle is substantially altered to accommodate the demands placed on the extremity. At faster speeds the athlete tends to land on the forefoot with less rearfoot purchase [3]. The foot is required to absorb a great deal of the ground reactive forces.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is characterized by several phases such as foot plant, takeoff, ascent, descent, and landing [3]. At foot plant the muscles causing plantar flexion of the foot generate the force necessary to neutralize the ground reactive forces.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At foot plant forward momentum is resisted and the body is braced to prepare for takeoff. Initially there is flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle with a transition to extension of the joints as the body takes off and ascends [3]. As the athlete's body reaches his peak elevation, he begins to descend.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the athlete's body reaches his peak elevation, he begins to descend. Landing requires the combined effort of the abdomen, hips, thighs, lower legs, and feet with flexion occurring at the hip, knee, and ankle [3]. The lower extremity assumes a flexed position in order for the muscles to dissipate the ground reactive forces preventing excessive force transmission across the joints.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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mentioning

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Electromyography activity across gait and incline: The impact of muscular activity on human morphology

Wall-Scheffler

Chumanov

Steudel-Numbers

et al. 2010

American J Phys Anthropol

101

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The study of human evolution depends upon a fair assessment of the ability of hominin individuals to gain access to necessary resources. We expect that the morphology of extant and extinct populations represents a successful locomotory system that allowed individuals to move across the environment gaining access to food, water and mates while still maintaining excess energy to allocate to reproduction. Our assessment of locomotor morphology must then incorporate tests of fitness within realistic environments-environments that themselves vary in terrain and whose negotiation requires a variety of gait and speeds. This study assesses muscular activity (measured as the integrated signal from surface electromyography) of seven thigh and hip muscle groups during walking and running across a wide range of speeds and inclines, in order to systematically assess the role that morphology can play in minimizing muscular activity and thus energy expenditure. Our data suggest that humans are better adapted to walking than running at any slope, as evidenced by small confidence intervals and even trends across speed and incline. We find that while increasing task intensity unsurprisingly increases muscular activity in the lower limb, individuals with longer limbs show significantly reduced activity during both walking and running, especially in the hip adductors, gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles. People with a broader pelvis show significantly reduced activity while walking in the hip adductor and hamstring muscles. Keywords human locomotion; EMG; incline; gluteus maximusIn the study of human locomotion, it has been generally suggested that muscle activity, as measured using electromyography (EMG), will offer important clues to selective pressures shaping the locomotor elements of human form (Basmajian, 1972;Zihlman, 1978;Tuttle et al., 1979;Stern and Susman, 1981;Marzke et al., 1988;Lieberman et al., 2006). Despite that humans perform a relatively small array of gaits [e.g. walking and running, though for (Srinivasan, 2006)], they perform them over a wide variety of terrain and with varying speed combinations. Consequently, effectively filtering through possible selection pressures on locomotor morphology requires a systematic comparison of morphology (lower limb length and pelvis breadth being a reasonable place to begin), in addition to the systematic comparison of the activity of human locomotor musculature across gait, speed and incline [for lower limb muscle activity during other activities-throwing, digging, gathering, etc.-see (Marzke et al., 1988)]. Building ecological models of mobility [e.g. (Foley, 1992;Foley and Elton, 1998;Kramer, 2004)] depends upon accurate assessments of the benefits of bipedalism, and the benefits of bipedalism cannot be understood without better modelling of the influence of variable terrain and non-level surfaces. To this end integrating the interactions between speed and incline is vital for understanding selection on hominin locomotor morphology, such as lower limb length a...

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The natural history and management of hamstring injuries

Carlson¹

2008

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Hamstring injuries in sport can be debilitating. The anatomical complexity of this muscle makes uniform assessment of injury epidemiology difficult and insures that post-injury management strategies must be individually focused. This article reviews the anatomy of the hamstring, its role in athletic movement, common mechanisms of injury, and management guidelines with the goal of return into sporting activity in mind.

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Basic Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Football

Football

Electromyography activity across gait and incline: The impact of muscular activity on human morphology

The natural history and management of hamstring injuries

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