Basic science of cardiac contractility modulation therapy: Molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms

Cardiac contractility modulation in patients with heart failure: The added value of cardiac rehabilitation in identification, management, and follow-up

“…If the acute local changes can, therefore, be partly explained by the modulation of ion channels, the mechanisms by which CCM therapy modifies gene expression by inducing reverse remodeling remain to be fully elucidated [ 13 , 25 ].…”

Beyond Medical Therapy—An Update on Heart Failure Devices

“…Furthermore, CCM can contribute to the positive remodeling of the myocardium, reverse the maladaptive fetal gene program, and help reduce cardiac fibrosis. [99] The first clinical trial to study the effects of CCM was the FIX-HF-4, which employed a double-blind, randomized, crossover design modelled after the MUSTIC trial of CRT. In this study, 164 HFrEF patients were selected.…”

Editorial: Electrical management of heart failure: shaping the future of cardiac pacing and electrophysiology

“…As the autonomic tone is impaired and dysregulated in heart failure patients, Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) therapy emerged as another tool in the armamentarium, particularly in patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy. This non-excitatory electrical therapy delivers signals to the heart during the absolute refractory period, enhancing myocardial contractility without increasing heart rate (8).…”