Basic values predict unethical behavior in sport: the case of athletes’ doping likelihood

Ring, Christopher; Kavussanu, Maria; Gürpınar, Bahri; Whitehead, Jean; Mortimer, Hannah

doi:10.1080/10508422.2020.1837136

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Recently, it has been shown that athletes’ perceptions of the importance of clean sport and clean sport values can vary across different countries ( Woolway et al, 2021 ). As values are linked to doping behaviour ( Ring et al, 2020 ), it could be that culture may also play a role in engagement with, and acceptance of whistleblowing in sport ( Keenan, 2007 ; Bondarev et al, 2021 ). Culture refers to the individual’s characteristics that based on the perception of rules, norms, roles, and values, influenced by various societal levels (e.g., country, race, occupation etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviours and Beliefs Related to Whistleblowing Against Doping in Sport: A Cross-National Study

et al. 2022

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BackgroundWhistleblowing has been recognized as an important deterrent of doping in elite competitive sport. The present study examined athletes’ knowledge of external whistleblowing channels and on how and where to report doping misconduct, perceived trust in different whistleblowing reporting channels, whistleblowing behaviour and athletes’ reasons for reporting (or not) doping misconduct.MethodsAthletes from Greece (n = 480), the Russian Federation (n = 512) and the United Kingdom (n = 171) completed a structured questionnaire on demographics, knowledge of different whistleblowing channels, perceived trust in internal and external whistleblowing channels, past whistleblowing behaviour and reasons for reporting (or not) doping misconduct.ResultsThe British athletes reported greater awareness of whistleblowing reporting channels (e.g., WADA’s Speak Up and IOC’s reporting platform) than did athletes from Greece (all p < 0.001) and Russia (p = 0.07, and p = 0.012) respectively. However, British athletes reported the lowest scores on knowledge of how and where to report doping misconduct, as compared to athletes from Greece and Russia. The majority of respondents reported greater trust to their coach or a club manager than to other whistleblowing channels, however, responses regarding other channels varied by country. Among athletes who detected doping misconduct 62% of athletes did not report it, while 38% reported it. Reasons for and against reporting doping misconduct reflected in eight themes that were identified using thematic analysis.ConclusionAthletes showed low awareness of external whistleblowing channels and they predominantly trusted internal whistleblowing channels. Sportspersonship, confidence in resources and personal benefits were among the reasons that facilitate reporting doping misconduct. The present findings indicate that cultural context may play a role in the ways athletes perceive whistleblowing, and this should be taken into account by future interventions to promote the reporting of doping misconduct.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviours and Beliefs Related to Whistleblowing Against Doping in Sport: A Cross-National Study

et al. 2022

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“…On the other hand, it is not enough to limit oneself to sport-related values or to emphasize their importance in sport alone, especially in strengthening moral identity. Ring et al [ 54 ] examined the relationships between Schwartz’s basic values and doping likelihood among university athletes and found that self-enhancement values were positively related, whereas self-transcendence and conservation values were negatively related, to doping likelihood. Therefore, in order to strengthen the moral identity of athletes and promote more negative attitudes to doping in sport, coaches need to not only encourage athletes to analyze situations related to both doping specifically and anti-social behavior in general.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral Identity and Attitudes towards Doping in Sport: Whether Perception of Fair Play Matters

Šukys

Tilindienė

Majauskienė

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Research evidence suggests that athletes’ attitudes towards banned substances are among the strongest predictors of intention to use or actual practice of doping. Previous research has found that personal morality was negatively related to doping attitudes. However, less is known about the role of athletes’ perceptions of fair play on their attitudes towards doping. First, we examined whether moral identity was associated with athletes’ attitudes towards doping and whether their perceptions of fair play mediated this relationship. The second purpose was to determine whether these associations differed among non-athletes. Overall, 365 university students (49.9% males, 55.3% athletes) participated in this study (mean age 22.02, SD = 6.58). They completed questionnaires measuring the aforementioned variables. The results showed that athletes’ moral identity and endorsement of fair play were negatively associated with their attitudes towards doping. The mediation analyses showed that the effect of moral identity on attitudes towards doping was partially mediated by perceptions of fair play (indirect effect, β = −0.10, p < 0.05). Unlike student athletes, non-athletes’ moral identity negatively predicted attitudes towards doping only indirectly, via fair play perception (indirect effect, β = −0.08, p < 0.05). The study provides insights into how a person’s morality and perception of moral values in sport may act as factors related to doping in sport. The practical implications for the promotion of anti-doping attitudes for athletes and separately for student non-athletes were provided together with future research perspectives.

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“…The measure has demonstrated strong relationships to other doping risk factors (e.g. doping moral disengagement and doping self-regulatory efficacy; Ring, Kavussanu, Lucidi, et al, 2019a) and has shown very good internal consistency (α = 0.93; Ring et al, 2020).…”

Section: Doping Likelihoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A body of research has assessed an athlete's likelihood to dope (e.g. Connor et al, 2013; Kavussanu et al, 2020; Ring et al, 2020). Research has identified strong relationships between doping likelihood and anticipated guilt (Ring, Kavussanu, & Mazanov, 2019b), moral identity (Kavussanu & Ring, 2017; Kavussanu et al, 2020) and moral disengagement (Kavussanu & Ring, 2017; Ring & Hurst, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs

Hurst

Ring

Kavussanu

2021

European Journal of Sport Science

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A growing body of evidence suggests sport supplement use is positively related to doping likelihood, both directly and indirectly via beliefs that sport supplements are effective for improving performance. However, it is unclear what leads an athlete to use sport supplements and whether such factors play a role in the supplement-beliefs-doping relationship. To address this issue, we examined whether motivational goal orientations were related to doping likelihood directly and indirectly via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs. Competitive athletes (N = 362, 39% female, mean ± SD; age = 23.6 ± 10.3 years, hours per week training = 5.8 ± 2.1, years competing = 5.8 ± 5.4) from a range of sports (e.g. athletics, soccer, weightlifting) completed an online survey measuring task and ego goal orientation, sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping likelihood. Results indicated that ego orientation, but not task orientation, was indirectly related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs. This suggests that athletes who are ego oriented are more likely to use supplements, believe supplements are effective, and dope. These data suggest that researchers should consider ego goal orientations when interpreting relationships between sport supplement use and doping likelihood.

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Basic values predict unethical behavior in sport: the case of athletes’ doping likelihood

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Behaviours and Beliefs Related to Whistleblowing Against Doping in Sport: A Cross-National Study

Behaviours and Beliefs Related to Whistleblowing Against Doping in Sport: A Cross-National Study

Moral Identity and Attitudes towards Doping in Sport: Whether Perception of Fair Play Matters

Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs

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