Basisdaten für ökologische Bilanzierungen

Assessment of environmental effects, animal welfare and milk quality among organic dairy farms

“…Since one of the main objectives in organic farming is to produce particularly healthy food (IFOAM, 2002), milk quality is a suitable indicator in the assessment of organic dairy farm types. Arman, 2003;Borken et al, 1999;Cederberg, 1998;Gaillard et al, 1997;Gemis 4.3, 2006;KTBL, 2002KTBL, , 2004 Climate impact g CO 2 -Equiv./kg milk CH 4 from enteric fermentation and manure N 2 O from manure and fields CO 2 from energy consumption Anger, 2001, Hayer, 1994Hüther, 1999;IPCC, 2007;Kirchgessner et al, 1991;Kirchgessner, 1997;Mosier et al, 1998;Velthof & Oenema, 1995 Land demand ha/1000 kg MILK Farm land demand for fodder production (farms own land and estimated land demand for production of purchased fodder compounds) (Own calculations)…”

“…CO 2 -emissions resulted directly from energy consumption. For conversion from MJ to CO 2 -equivalents, the factors published by Borken et al (1999) and the GEMIS 4.3 database were used.…”

Life Cycle Assessment as an engineer's tool?

“…Data on combustion emissions are taken from the combustion of RME from Kraus et al [7]. Data for the substitution process synthetic glycerol and glycerol preparation are taken from Reinhardt [8] and Borken et al [9], respectively.…”

Comparison of ecological effects and costs of communal waste management systems

“…collection rates, process inputs) to the chosen cost and value assessments. A linear linkage between the quantities Table 4 Impact categories and equivalents (Borken et al, 1999) and the resulting cost were assumed because of the quality of the existing data. A cost digression, which can play an important role particularly in the case of waste treatment facilities with a large capacity, was not taken into account.…”