Basophil mediated pro-allergic inflammation in vehicle-emitted particles exposure

Morphologic and chemical composition of particulate matter in motorcycle engine exhaust

“…In addition, a recent EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) analysis showed that the implementation of the EURO standards led to the reduction of particulate matter emissions in ICE exhaust by 60% worldwide [ 52 ]. At last it was shown that particles from exhaust gases are complexes of metals of carbon and various surfactants, which are capable of inhibiting the immune system of mammals [ 53 ].…”

Varied dose exposures to ultrafine particles in the motorcycle smoke cause kidney cell damages in male mice

“…As the impact of those ultrafine particles exposure, several immune parameters might be altered [ 34 ]. The disruption of immune parameters can be indicated by the changes of the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils that show a systematic inflammation [ 35 ]. In this section, ROS, as the key of free radical in organs, can be linked to the systemic inflammation and diseases [ 36 ].…”

Exercise Performed Concomitantly with Particulate Matter Exposure Inhibits Lung Injury

“…In our study, low-intensity aerobic exercise was able to inhibit the accumulation of PMN and MN cells in both the lung parenchyma and in the peribronchial space, suggesting a widespread protective effect of aerobic exercise along different lung compartments. Another important effect resulting from air pollution exposure is systemic inflammation [2,7,10,18,19]. Air pollution-induced systemic inflammation has been described as an important event mediating the development and exacerbation of several diseases, such as lupus erythematosus [2], Parkinson's disease [7], endothelial injury [10], allergy [19], as well as respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [18].…”

“…Another important effect resulting from air pollution exposure is systemic inflammation [2,7,10,18,19]. Air pollution-induced systemic inflammation has been described as an important event mediating the development and exacerbation of several diseases, such as lupus erythematosus [2], Parkinson's disease [7], endothelial injury [10], allergy [19], as well as respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [18]. The underlying mechanisms involving air pollution-induced systemic inflammation are, at least partially, attributed to activation of oxidative stress pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors release [10].…”

“…In fact, it has been described that particulate matter increases the number of monocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, which are cells and cytokines/chemokines involved in the atherosclerosis process, as well as in asthma and COPD pathogenesis [10]. In addition, it has been described that particulate matter also induces the increase in the number of basophils, a cell with a central role in systemic and allergic processes [19]. In the present study, it was demonstrated that PM 2.5 and PM 10 exposure induced increases in the number of total circulating leukocytes and in the levels of IL-1β, CXCL1/KC and TNF-α, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases.…”