Basque polarization: Between autonomy and independence

Power‐sharing coalitions in the Basque Country (1987–1998): centripetal coalitions vs. consociational coalitions

“…I have chosen to use the most common academic viewpoint in order to situate the Basque political parties along the unionism–secessionism and the left–right scales. I have corroborated the validity of my judgement consulting the post‐electoral surveys of the Centre for Sociological Research (CIS) and the explanations provided on this matter by Llera (, ), Letamendia () and Ibarra and Ahedo (). Nonetheless, the analysis is simple, and the result is uncontroversial.…”

“…Based on the existence of a cross‐segment coalition among some Basque nationalist parties and the unionist left, there was an attempt to show the CAPV as an example close to consociational democracy (Llera : 117). However, behind this idea, there was no case analysis using Arend Lijphart's ( and ) consociational scheme.…”

Divided Societies: Electoral Polarisation and the Basque Country

“…During the period 198898, all major democratic parties operating in the Basque Country set up the Pacto de Ajuria Enea with the aim of coordinating their policies against terrorism. This Pact was in line with the societal reaction against ETA's terrorism (Llera, 2000).…”

Regionalists Against Secession: The Political Economy of Territory in Advanced Democracies

“…EA had a stronger nationalist platform and was slightly to the left of the center-right PNV, while Herri Batasuna had a grip on the far left and on revolutionary independentists. 50 The Basque Socialists, perpetually in opposition, had also seen their vote share decline gradually through the 1980s and had reason to bring on board a moderate-nationalist agenda. 51 The BNG toiled in obscurity for years as a secessionist party, but after adopting a Galician regionalist program following the 1989 election, their vote share skyrocketed, going from 8.0 percent in 1990 to 18.6 percent in 1993 and a high point of 23 percent in 2001.…”