Bat Rabies in France: A 24-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study

Robardet, Emmanuelle; Arthur, Laurent; Larcher, Gérald; Harbusch, Christine; Servat, Alexandre; Cliquet, Florence

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098622

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…With the development of fullgenome sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods, it has been possible to characterise the viral vaccine strains and the genetic composition of the SAD B19, SAD Bern and SAG2 vaccines (Geue et al, 2008;Cliquet et al, 2013;Picard-Meyer et al, 2014). With the development of fullgenome sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods, it has been possible to characterise the viral vaccine strains and the genetic composition of the SAD B19, SAD Bern and SAG2 vaccines (Geue et al, 2008;Cliquet et al, 2013;Picard-Meyer et al, 2014).…”

Section:  the V-rg Vaccine (Vaccinia Recombinant Glycoprotein) Is A mentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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An assessment of a report issued by the European Commission in 2002 is presented about the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, as well as additional topics such as the rabies aetiology and its occurrence in Europe, the target species for oral vaccination, i.e. foxes and raccoon dogs, the oral vaccines available and their thermostability, rabies surveillance and monitoring, and the recent international guidelines for rabies surveillance are discussed. Foxes are the only known reservoir for rabies in Europe, and raccoon dogs are important transmitters, while other carnivores play a less important epidemiological role. The demographic expansion of raccoon dogs and their movements after hibernation are risk factors for rabies recurrence. The combined densities of foxes and raccoon dogs, which often share the same habitats, could allow rabies epizootics to persist. The epidemiological role and the pathogenesis of rabies in raccoon dogs and other carnivores must still be clarified. Four vaccines are authorised in the EU and their effectiveness is proven to successfully contribute to rabies elimination. Experimental and field evidence shows that climatic and weather conditions may impact on bait casings and vaccine stability. Data on the stability of vaccine baits under different field conditions should be provided. It is recommended that bait should keep its integrity at the release point. Because of bait stability issues, the season most appropriate for implementing oral rabies vaccination or a heat-stable vaccine should be considered. Rabies surveillance and monitoring of vaccination, based on assessment of bait uptake and seroconversion in host species, are important tools for the evaluation and adjustment of vaccination campaigns, although alternatives to tetracyclines as biomarkers should be developed. Oral immunisation by vaccine baits has proven to be successful in eliminating terrestrial wildlife rabies, but long-term strategy, temporal continuity of vaccination and cross-border cooperation are needed and recommended. Acknowledgements:The Panel wishes to thank Florence Cliquet, Paola De Benedictis, Kaarina Kauhala, Edvīns Oļševskis, Liisa Sihvonen (Chair) and Marcin Smreczak for the preparatory work on this scientific output, the hearing expert Thomas Müller and EFSA staff members Alessandro Broglia and Marianne Carson for the support provided to this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2015. Scientific opinion -Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies.

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Section:  the V-rg Vaccine (Vaccinia Recombinant Glycoprotein) Is A mentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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“…Toutefois, la prévalence réelle de ces infections dans les populations de Chiroptères demeure très mal connue ; les incidences enregistrées ne reflètent que l'intensité de la surveillance, elle-même très variable d'un pays à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre (environ 800 cas en Europe dans les 50 dernières années). En France, sur une période de 25 ans (1989-2014), 66 cas d'infection de chauves-souris (64 par EBLV-1 et 2 par le virus Bokeloh) ont été détectés (1,33). Apparemment non pathogènes pour les chauves-souris qui les hébergent, les deux virus EBLV-1 et EBLV-2 sont capables d'entraîner chez l'Homme, un syndrome tout-à-fait comparable à la rage mais les observations en sont très rares.…”

Section: Les Principaux Groupes De Virus Liés Aux Chiroptèresunclassified

“…Apparemment non pathogènes pour les chauves-souris qui les hébergent, les deux virus EBLV-1 et EBLV-2 sont capables d'entraîner chez l'Homme, un syndrome tout-à-fait comparable à la rage mais les observations en sont très rares. Par deux fois, le virus EBLV-1 a été transmis à un chat domestique en France (33).…”

Section: Les Principaux Groupes De Virus Liés Aux Chiroptèresunclassified

“…Pour ce faire, un système de surveillance standardisé, impliquant vétérinaires, médecins, spécialistes de la faune sauvage et les populations elles-mêmes, avec échange des informations recueillies, est nécessaire (18). En France, il existe, au sein du réseau d'épidémio-surveillance de la rage assuré par l'ANSES, un réseau spécial de surveillance des Lyssavirus des Chiroptères ayant pour principal objectif de mieux cerner les risques pour l'Homme (depuis 1989, 14 chauvessouris, dont 12 sérotines, ont été découvertes porteuses de Lyssavirus EBL1) (1,33). Cf.…”

Section: Prévention Collectiveunclassified

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Chauves-souris et virus : des relations complexes

Rodhain

2015

Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot.

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With more than 1 200 species, bats and flying foxes (Order Chiroptera) constitute the most important and diverse order of Mammals after Rodents. Many species of bats are insectivorous while others are frugivorous and few of them are hematophagous. Some of these animals fly during the night, others are crepuscular or diurnal. Some fly long distances during seasonal migrations. Many species are colonial cave-dwelling, living in a rather small home range while others are relatively solitary. However, in spite of the importance of bats for terrestrial biotic communities and ecosystem ecology, the diversity in their biology and lifestyles remain poorly known and underappreciated. More than sixty viruses have been detected or isolated in bats; these animals are therefore involved in the natural cycles of many of them. This is the case, for instance, of rabies virus and other Lyssavirus (Family Rhabdoviridae), Nipah and Hendra viruses (Paramyxoviridae), Ebola and Marburg viruses (Filoviridae), SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Coronaviridae). For these zoonotic viruses, a number of bat species are considered as important reservoir hosts, efficient disseminators or even directly responsible of the transmission. Some of these bat-borne viruses cause highly pathogenic diseases while others are of potential significance for humans and domestic or wild animals; so, bats are an important risk in human and animal public health. Moreover, some groups of viruses developed through different phylogenetic mechanisms of coevolution between viruses and bats. The fact that most of these viral infections are asymptomatic in bats has been observed since a long time but the mechanisms of the viral persistence are not clearly understood. The various bioecology of the different bat populations allows exchange of virus between migrating and non-migrating conspecific species. For a better understanding of the role of bats in the circulation of these viral zoonoses, epidemiologists must pay attention to some of their biologic properties which are not fully documented, like their extreme longevity, their diet, the population size and the particular densities observed in species with crowded roosting behavior, the population structure and migrations, the hibernation permitting overwintering of viruses, their particular innate and acquired immune response, probably related at least partially to their ability to fly, allowing persistent virus infections and preventing immunopathological consequences, etc. It is also necessary to get a better knowledge of the interactions between bats and ecologic changes induced by man and to attentively follow bat populations and their viruses through surveillance networks involving human and veterinary physicians, specialists of wild fauna, ecologists, etc. in order to understand the mechanisms of disease emergence, to try to foresee and, perhaps, to prevent viral emergences beforehand. Finally, a more fundamental research about immune mechanisms developed in viral infections is essential to reveal the reasons why Chiropt...

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“…À l'opposé, aucun virus de ce génotype n'a été isolé de chauve-souris dans l'Ancien Monde. Parmi les autres Lyssavirus figurent notamment les virus « European bat virus 1 » (EBLV-1, génotype 5), et « European bat virus 2 » (EBLV-2, génotype 6), apparemment non pathogènes pour les chauves-souris mais susceptibles d'entraîner chez l'homme un syndrome comparable à la rage mais les observations en sont très rares [3] [3].…”

Section: Rhabdoviridaeunclassified

Chauves-souris et virus : quelles relations ? Quelles conséquences ?

Rodhain¹

2014

Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine

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L'auteur déclare ne pas avoir de lien d'intérêt en relation avec le contenu de cet article RÉSUMÉOn connaît plus de 1 240 espèces de chauves-souris ; beaucoup sont insectivores, d'autres frugivores et quelques espèces américaines sont hématophages. Ces mammifères peuvent héberger plus de 100 virus différents, en particulier des Rhabdoviridae (des Lyssavirus, dont le virus rabique), des Paramyxoviridae (comme les virus Nipah et Hendra), des Filoviridae (virus Ebola et Marburg) et des Coronaviridae (agents du SRAS et du MERS). Ces infections sont généralement asymptomatiques chez les chauves-souris mais le mécanisme de cette tolérance n'est pas encore bien compris. Quoi qu'il en soit, les chauves-souris apparaissent pour ces virus comme des réservoirs et des disséminateurs efficaces ; elles représentent donc un risque important en santé publique humaine et vétérinaire, justifiant la mise en place d'une surveillance spécifique et de programmes de recherche portant notamment sur les mécanismes de l'immunité propres à ces animaux. SUMMARY More than 1 240 species of bats are known ; many of them are insectivorous, others are frugivorous and some american species are haematophagous. More than 100 different

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Bat Rabies in France: A 24-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

Chauves-souris et virus : des relations complexes

Chauves-souris et virus : quelles relations ? Quelles conséquences ?

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