Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection for DNA Biosensing Applications

Abstract

In this work, batch injection analysis with the amperometric detection (BIA‐AD), employing a detection cell designed to adapt a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was used for the first time as a robust electroanalytical system for DNA biosensing applications. The sensitive amperometric detection was used to evaluate the structural changes in double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) after UV‐C irradiation of its solution for a given time. Batching of DNA samples was performed by precise electronic pipette microinjection of an irradiated sample aliquot onto the unmodified activated SPCE surface incorporated in the BIA‐AD system. Using the optimized experimental conditions (40 μL of 1 mg mL−1 dsDNA in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 sampled at the injection speed degree of 6 and detected at the potential of +1.5 V vs silver pseudo‐reference electrode), a time‐dependent response (gradual decrease of amperometric signal up to 58 % after 10 min of the irradiation) was found for the detection of damage to low molecular weight salmon sperm dsDNA. The advantages of this low‐dimensional and cost‐effective measuring system can be utilized not only for the quantification of DNA damage/degradation by UV irradiation, but they are also promising for studying other types of DNA interactions.

Batch injection analysis in tandem with electrochemical detection: the recent trends and an overview of the latest applications (2015–2020)

“…Concerning the pharmaceutical samples, it is mainly a matter of determining the active substance content (including the determination of their excipients) and also simultaneous determination of more than one drug in a sample [ 43 ]. BIA was also used in detecting DNA damage caused by UV radiation [ 44 ].…”

An Overview of Recent Electroanalytical Applications Utilizing Screen‐Printed Electrodes Within Flow Systems

“…The attractive features of the BIASPE system were also explored for the on-site determination of carbendazim, catechol and hydroquinone in tap water, [20] metals (Zn 2 + , Cd 2 + , Pb 2 + , Cu 2 + , and Hg 2 + ) in biodiesel samples, [85] glucose in artificial serum sample, [21] antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2, in biodiesel and jet-fuel using hydro-organic media as the supporting electrolyte, [26] lead in aviation fuel samples, [86] omeprazole in pharmaceutical samples, [87] corrosion inhibitors (2,5-dimercapto-1,3,5-thiadiazole) in fuel ethanol, seawater and mineral oil samples, [88] levamisole and sodium levothyroxine in pharmaceutical samples, [89] nitrite and uric acid in biological fluids (urine, plasma, saliva, and serum), [90] antioxidant capacity of edible oil samples, [91] benzocaine and tricaine in fish fillets, [92] and a robust electroanalytical system for detection of UVinduced DNA degradation. [93] Recently, Mendonça et al [94] reported a low-cost mechanized system fabricated using fused deposition modelling 3D-printing technology to perform injections on an electrochemical cell in wall-jet configuration (similar to a common BIA cell). Expanding the possibility for analysis with extremely small volumes (0.5 μL), the system also allows automatic handling of microliter aliquots (dilutions, mixtures, exactly time-controlled reactions), similar to FIA and SIA systems.…”

A Batch Injection Analysis System with Square‐wave Voltammetric Detection for Fast and Simultaneous Determination of Zinc and Ascorbic Acid

“…Batch‐injection analysis systems with electrochemical detection can be considered as a simple electrochemical and portable analytical system [22–25]. The operation of the system involves the injection of small volumes (10–150 μL) of samples (usually with an electronic micropipette) directly to the working electrode surface (wall‐jet configuration) in an electrochemical cell filled with supporting electrolyte [26, 27].…”