Batch phenol removal from methyl isobutyl ketone by liquid–liquid extraction with chemical reaction

Easy removing of phenol from wastewater using vegetable oil-based organic solvent in emulsion liquid membrane process

“…Pharmaceuticals, plastics, wood products, paints, pulp and paper industries contain 0.1-1600 mg/L phenols. The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) has included phenol as one of primary pollutants that abide to specific regulations in order to protect the environment and human being as their toxicity is high [3]. It is essential to remove phenol from wastewater as much as possible so that the environment and human being are not exposed to it.…”

Batch Liquid‐Liquid Extraction of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions

“…Such a process is basically made up of three unit operations: (a) extraction of phenol from the contaminated stream by a solvent, which gives an extract and a raffinate phase, (b) phenol separation from the solvent (extract), and (c) separation of the solvent present in the treated effluent (raffinate) [20]. The operation of phenol recovery from the solvent can be performed in different ways, among which is a second extraction by solvent, distillation, evaporation or chemical reaction [21].…”

A new enzymatic process for the treatment of phenolic pollutants

“…Figure 1 illustrates the experimental set-up used to study the oxidation of phenols in aqueous solution by tyrosinase. It was carried out as described by Quadros and Baptista (2003) using a standard Rushton mixed vessel described in detail in previous work (Palma et al 2007(Palma et al , 2010Shibata and Palma 2009). Briefly, the mixed glass reactor (R) with 1.0 L-working volume was provided with an external jacket for temperature regulation by a water bath (B) (0 < T < 60°C) and four holes to host the mixing device (M) (100-1500 rpm), a thermometer (T), a syringe for sampling (S) and a funnel for feeding either phenol or enzyme buffer solution (F).…”

“…When the slope of the resulting straight line became lower than 10 -2 , the time corresponding to the first remaining datum was assumed to be that needed to reach the end of reaction. The phenolics (phenol, o-cresol and p-nitrophenol) and the temperature, pH and initial phenols concentration were selected from those usually reported for the treatment of phenol emissions in Brazil (15 ≤ T ≤ 55°C; 5.6 ≤ pH ≤ 7.6; 50 ≤ C P,o ≤ 400 ppm) (Britto and Rangel 2008;Palma et al 2007), being T = 45°C and pH 6.6 the optimum values for tyrosinase activity (Worthington Enzyme Manual 2013), while the range of enzyme concentration studied was that (25 ≤ C T ≤ 75 U/mL) reported by Kameda et al (2006). In addition, the range of rotational speed (200 ≤ N ≤ 800 rpm) was selected according to Jiang et al (2003a, b), who demonstrated the importance of this variable as well as the reaction time (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 min) to reduce the operating costs of the treatment.…”

“…Among the destruction methods, there are biological treatments (Freire et al 2000), incineration, ozonation in the presence of UV radiation, oxidation with wet air (Britto and Rangel 2008) and electrochemical oxidation (Mojović et al 2009). The recovery methods include liquid-liquid extraction (Jiang et al 2003a, b;Palma et al 2007Palma et al , 2010, adsorption and electro-adsorption with activated charcoal (Ayranci and Conway 2001;Jain et al 2002), ion exchange with resins, membrane processes such as a pervaporation, and extraction with membrane, supported liquid membrane and liquid membrane in emulsion (Kujawski et al 2004). Taking into account these issues, there is the need to develop a new, ecological and auto-sustainable way for the treatment of phenolic effluents.…”