Bath‐related deaths: Preventive strategies and suggestions for general physicians

Abstract

Bath‐related deaths occur frequently in Japan, particularly in the elderly population; however, this fact is not sufficiently well known by the public. The advent of a super‐aging society will expose general physicians to more cases of fatal and nonfatal bath‐related accidents. As many of the victims have one or more lifestyle‐related diseases, general physicians will play a more important role in preventing these fatalities in the future. In addition, general physicians may have to perform postmortem examinations in these cases. This review article addresses the latest studies on bath‐related deaths from various medical departments, including forensic medicine, emergency medicine, and physiology. We also discuss preventive strategies based on the assumed mechanisms, and because Japan does not have a well‐developed system of medical examiners, we also provide suggestions for physicians who will encounter bath‐related deaths in the future.

Unveiling Lethal Risks Lurking in Hot Tub Baths: A Review of Tragic Consequences

“…Safety precautions include installing non-slip mats and bathtub safety handles, avoiding extremes of water temperature for bathing, using bath seats for those with disabilities or limitations, and installing emergency alert systems in case assistance is needed (Table 1). Additionally, it is vital to provide comprehensive guidelines for caution against alcohol consumption in hot tubs and enforce strict policies prohibiting recreational drug use in these areas [30,31]. It is recommended that individuals with pre-existing comorbidities, such as coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and autonomic dysfunctions (e.g., diabetes, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyloidosis), or pregnant women, consult with healthcare providers before using hot tubs.…”