Bath Salt-Induced Psychosis: Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes

Stiles, Brandie M; Fish, Anne F.; Cook, Cynthia A. Loveland; Silva, Víctor

doi:10.1111/ppc.12101

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“… 33 Synthetic cathinone–induced psychotic symptoms are sometimes similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia 26 and therefore influence the differential diagnosis when patients are in acute psychotic states. 34 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 Synthetic cathinoneinduced psychotic symptoms are sometimes similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia 26 and therefore influence the differential diagnosis when patients are in acute psychotic states. 34 Synthetic cathinones and methamphetamine can increase the risks of sympathetic nerve activity, 35 serotonin syndrome, 36 and physical complications, including myocarditis, 37 seizure, dystonia, myoclonus, 14 paresthesia, and fever. 38 Hyperthermia resulting from synthetic cathinone intoxication can indicate rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney failure, metabolic acidosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve similar effects to those of methamphetamine, which include euphoria, sensory enhancement, and hypersexuality, 26,30 people who use synthetic cathinones often rapidly consume considerable amounts of the substance, 31,32 which may cause intoxication symptoms, including anxiety, confusion, agitation, psychosis, violence, and suicide attempts 33 . Synthetic cathinone–induced psychotic symptoms are sometimes similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia 26 and therefore influence the differential diagnosis when patients are in acute psychotic states 34 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Psychiatric and Clinical Profiles Between People Who Use Synthetic Cathinones and Methamphetamine

Lin

Chen

Chan

2023

J Clin Psychopharmacol

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Background: Synthetic cathinones are the most used novel psychoactive substances in Taiwan because they exhibit psychoactive effects similar to those of methamphetamine, inducing acute psychosis, violence, and selfharm. However, the differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with synthetic cathinone and methamphetamine intoxication admitted to psychiatric emergency departments (EDs) remain unclear.Methods: This study recruited patients with stimulant intoxication who were admitted to a psychiatric ED from April 2019 to May 2020. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychopathological data were collected through face-to-face interviews and evaluated. Immunoassay tests and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were performed to detect substances in urine specimens. The patients were matched by sex and age (in 5-year intervals). The associations between the 2 groups and physical complications were analyzed through logistic regression.Results: Twenty-four patients with synthetic cathinone intoxication were identified and matched with 48 patients with methamphetamine intoxication. The 2 groups exhibited similar clinical severity of psychotic symptoms and high risks of violence and self-harm. Both groups were predominated by unmarried patients, unemployed patients, and habitual smokers and drinkers. However, family histories of substance use and criminal records were less prevalent among the patients with synthetic cathinone intoxication, but they had a higher rate of physical complications (odds ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.15-34.03), compared with patients with methamphetamine intoxication. Conclusions:Compared with patients intoxicated with methamphetamine, those intoxicated with synthetic cathinones may have similar tendencies toward psychosis, violence, and self-harm but higher risks of physical complications, which are prioritized in psychiatric EDs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Psychiatric and Clinical Profiles Between People Who Use Synthetic Cathinones and Methamphetamine

Lin

Chen

Chan

2023

J Clin Psychopharmacol

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“…Интерес исследователей к данным синтетическим ПАВ обусловлен не только их высокой наркогенностью, но и значительной частотой развития психотических расстройств на фоне их приема [5][6][7][8][9]. До настоящего времени оценка эффективности различных методов терапии психотических состояний, развившихся при употреблении современных синтетических ПАВ, не проводилась в контролируемых исследованиях, поэтому в реальной клинической практике лечебные мероприятия при данных психотических расстройствах осуществляются по аналогии с лечением алкогольных психозов, расстройств шизофренического спектра или же на основе рекомендаций токсикологов [4,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Таким образом, существует насущная потребность в разработке научно обоснованных дифференцированных терапевтических алгоритмов купирования данных психотических состояний [6,8,12,17].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Treatment of Acute Drug-Induced Psychoses, Associated with Modern Synthetic Psychoactive Substances

et al. 2023

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Use of new synthetic drugs (synthetic cannabinoids — “spices”, synthetic psychostimulants — “salts”, synthetic GABA-agonists — “butyrates”) is associated with a high risk of psychoses. Nowadays there are no evidence-based guidelines for treatment of these psychotic disorders. Objective: to develop effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of acute substance-induced psychoses associated with modern synthetic drugs. Material and methods: 96 patients with substance-induced psychoses associated with synthetic cannabinoids (n = 32), synthetic psychostimulants (n = 33), and synthetic GABA-agonists (n = 31) were examined. In these groups we estimated effectiveness of different combination therapy: desintoxication and benzodiazepine, desintoxication and benzodiazepine and haloperidol, desintoxication, benzodiazepine and phenibut. The following methods were used: clinical-psychopathological, laboratory, statistics. Results: сomparative efficacy of therapeutic strategies differed in three investigated groups. In psychoses associated with synthetic cannabinoids the most effective strategy was haloperidol add-on. Differences between treatment approaches in group of psychostimulants-induced psychoses were not found. In psychoses associated with synthetic GABA-agonists the most effective strategy was phenibut add-on. Conclusion: the choice of effective therapeutic intervention in drug-induced psychosis should be based on type of synthetic drug.

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“…Not knowing what drugs are being taken or at what dosages increases the risk of overdose, adverse reactions, and drug-drug interactions for the user as well as creating a difficult situation for emergency room physicians to treat ill patients appropriately. As Stiles et al have reported an increased difficulty in treating bath salt-induced psychosis only reiterates that healthcare providers, police, and hospital security personnel must be educated and working collaboratively to provide the best care for these patients [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer Drugs: A Synthetic Catastrophe

Fratantonio¹

2015

J Reward Defic Syndr

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Synthetic stimulants can cause hallucinations, aggressive behaviors, death and are sometimes legal. These substances are sold as plant food and bath salts that are “Not for Human Consumption”, therefore skirting the 1986 Federal Analogue Act and giving a false pretense of safety. Studies have proved that these substances are toxic, have a high abuse potential, and are becoming extremely prevalent in the United States. This creates a dilemma for law enforcement agents, hospitals, and substance use disorder treatment centers. Urine Drug Testing is utilized as a clinical diagnostic tool in substance use disorder treatment centers, and the furious pace at which new synthetic stimulants are introduced to the black market are making the detection via urine increasingly difficult. This article will discuss the prevalence, pharmacology and difficulty developing laboratory assays to detect synthetic stimulants.

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Bath Salt-Induced Psychosis: Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes

Abstract: Due to the severity of both physical and psychological symptoms in patients in bath salt-induced psychosis, nurses, other healthcare providers, police, and hospital security personnel must work collaboratively to provide safe care.

Cited by 11 publications

References 57 publications

Comparison of Psychiatric and Clinical Profiles Between People Who Use Synthetic Cathinones and Methamphetamine

Comparison of Psychiatric and Clinical Profiles Between People Who Use Synthetic Cathinones and Methamphetamine

Treatment of Acute Drug-Induced Psychoses, Associated with Modern Synthetic Psychoactive Substances

Designer Drugs: A Synthetic Catastrophe

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