Bathing waters: New directive, new standards, new quality approach

Mansilha, Catarina; Coelho, Carla; Heitor, Ana; Amado, João; Martins, Joaquim Poças; Gameiro, Paula

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.03.018

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In this case, such contamination may originate from discharges from the STP (Figure 3). Literature shows that there is an epidemiological connection between gastrointestinal diseases among bathers and poor water quality [2], and sewage pollution of water bodies carries a risk to human health through waterborne pathogens [27]. Vergine et al showed that the counting capability of Colilert-18 presented a significantly higher recovery of E. coli than the classical membrane filtration method when evaluating wastewater samples from different origins and levels of treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beaches and coastal areas provide pleasant recreational environments, leading to an increase in tourism demand that has stimulated the development of these areas [1]. Consequently, intensified anthropogenic pressures on beaches are affecting the environmental quality, recreational experience, and human well-being [2]. Pollution of coastal areas is now an increasing concern for public health organisations and the general public [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Marine Coastal Waters: Is there a Relationship?

et al. 2019

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To estimate the quality of coastal waters, European Union Directive 2006/7/EC provides guidelines to assess levels of faecal bacteria, including Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. These microbiological criteria are based on studies that determine the risk of bathers having diseases caused by enteric bacteria, not necessarily measuring the potential danger associated with the presence of nonenteric pathogens. The association between the presence of faecal contaminant indicators and nonenteric pathogenic microorganisms has not been well defined yet. The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbiological indicators of faecal contamination. Presence of microbiological contamination in the coastal waters near the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Peniche (Portugal) was confirmed (P. aeruginosa 135.8 Colony Forming Unit/100 mL, Escherichia coli 1100.1 Most Probable Number/100 mL, intestinal enterococci 2685.9 MPN/100 mL) with much lower levels in the areas located south of the STP, along the main water coastal current (beach 1: 0.7 CFU/100 mL, 16.5 MPN/100 mL, 100.5 MPN/100 mL; beach 2: 0.3 CFU/100 mL, 74.0 MPN/100 mL, 145.9 MPN/100 mL, respectively). Analysis of Pearson's correlation revealed a strong positive correlation between E. coli and P. aeruginosa, suggesting E. coli as an indicator of P. aeruginosa presence.Pathogens 2020, 9, 13 2 of 10 throat diseases [11]. These indicators were based on conclusions from epidemiological studies that implicate the enteric bacteria E. coli and enterococci in cases of gastroenteritis associated with swimming. However, the majority of recently reported cases of infectious diseases linked with coastal bathing waters are of nonenteric origin [12], creating a requirement for nonenteric indicator organisms that must be additionally evaluated. Opportunistic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa [13], might better serve to indicate the occurrence of some of the nonfaecal pathogens [12], especially in bathing waters [14]. Taking into account the results found in a study from Mariño and coworkers, where a positive correlation was found between skin infections and the presence of P. aeruginosa in seawater [14], this opportunistic bacteria [13] might better serve to indicate the occurrence of some nonfaecal pathogens in bathing waters [12].Being rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultative aerobic bacterium, P. aeruginosa has minimal survival requirements [15,16] and a remarkable adaptation ability towards a variety of environmental conditions, being able to thrive in soil, water, animal hosts, hospital settings, soap, and even distilled water [17][18][19][20]. P. aeruginosa, as the origin of an extensive variety of infections, is a main cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals [21]. Some examples are endocarditis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, gastrointestinal infections, and meningitis, and it is also a leading cause of septicaemia [19]. P. aeruginosa is the pathogen mostly implicated in folliculitis and ear infec...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Marine Coastal Waters: Is there a Relationship?

et al. 2019

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“…Directive 2006/7/EC); however, in the 2006 revision of this Directive (rBWD, CEU, 2006), the enterovirus parameter was withdrawn. Only the bacterial parameters, intestinal enterococci and E. coli have been since considered (Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006Mansilha et al, 2009)). …”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Sabino

Rodrigues

Costa

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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Beaches worldwide provide recreational opportunities to hundreds of millions of people and serve as important components of coastal economies. Beach water is often monitored for microbiological quality to detect the presence of indicators of human sewage contamination so as to prevent public health outbreaks associated with water contact. However, growing evidence suggests that beach sand can harbor microbes harmful to human health, often in concentrations greater than the beach water. Currently, there are no standards for monitoring, sampling, analyzing, or managing beach sand quality. In addition to indicator microbes, growing evidence has identified pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in a variety of beach sands worldwide. The public health threat associated with these populations through direct and indirect contact is unknown because so little research has been conducted relating to health outcomes associated with sand quality. In this manuscript, we present the consensus findings of a workshop of experts convened in Lisbon, Portugal to discuss the current state of knowledge on beach sand microbiological quality and to develop suggestions for standardizing the evaluation of sand at coastal beaches. The expert group at the "Microareias 2012" workshop recommends that 1) beach sand should be screened for a variety of pathogens harmful to human health, and sand monitoring should then be initiated alongside regular water monitoring; 2) sampling and analysis protocols should be standardized to allow proper comparisons among beach locations; and 3) further studies are needed to estimate human health risk with exposure to contaminated beach sand. Much of the manuscript is focused on research specific to Portugal, but similar results have been found elsewhere, and the findings have worldwide implications.

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“…In order to assess the quality of recreational waters and prevent user’s diseases, systematic monitoring are usually carried out in most developed and developing countries (Craun et al 2005; Chandran et al 2011; Guida et al 2009; He and He 2008; Mansilha et al, 2009; Palomino de Dios et al 2011). Although monitoring is not so intensive in developing countries, or it is only systematically done in the main recreational cities, people recreate themselves in almost any water body, without knowledge or regardless of their quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to optimize monitoring schemes of recreational waters from Salta, Argentina: a multivariate approach

Gutiérrez-Cacciabue

Teich

Poma

et al. 2014

Environ Monit Assess

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Several recreational surface waters in Salta, Argentina, were selected to assess their quality. Seventy percent of the measurements exceeded at least one of the limits established by international legislation becoming unsuitable for their use. To interpret results of complex data, multivariate techniques were applied. Arenales River, due to the variability observed in the data, was divided in two: upstream and downstream representing low and high pollution sites, respectively; and Cluster Analysis supported that differentiation. Arenales River downstream and Campo Alegre Reservoir were the most different environments and Vaqueros and La Caldera Rivers were the most similar. Canonical Correlation Analysis allowed exploration of correlations between physicochemical and microbiological variables except in both parts of Arenales River, and Principal Component Analysis allowed finding relationships among the 9 measured variables in all aquatic environments. Variable’s loadings showed that Arenales River downstream was impacted by industrial and domestic activities, Arenales River upstream was affected by agricultural activities, Campo Alegre Reservoir was disturbed by anthropogenic and ecological effects, and La Caldera and Vaqueros Rivers were influenced by recreational activities. Discriminant Analysis allowed identification of subgroup of variables responsible for seasonal and spatial variations. Enterococcus, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, E. coli, pH, and fecal coliforms are sufficient to spatially describe the quality of the aquatic environments. Regarding seasonal variations, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, fecal coliforms, and pH can be used to describe water quality during dry season, while dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus during wet season. Thus, the use of multivariate techniques allowed optimizing monitoring tasks and minimizing costs involved.

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Bathing waters: New directive, new standards, new quality approach

Cited by 38 publications

References 10 publications

Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Marine Coastal Waters: Is there a Relationship?

Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Marine Coastal Waters: Is there a Relationship?

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Strategies to optimize monitoring schemes of recreational waters from Salta, Argentina: a multivariate approach

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