The continental margin from Nova Scotia to the Florida Keys exhibits a variety of physiographic forms. On the basis of surface morphology it can be divided into three zones. In the northern zone, the continental shelf extending from Nova Scotia to Nantucket Island, has broad basins separated by shallow flat-topped banks, undulating swells, and irregularly crested ridges; some of the basins reach depths greater than 200 meters. This type of shelf topography is characteristic of shelves off glaciated areas and terminates at or near the southern limit of Pleistocene glaciation. Seaward of the shelf most of the continental slope is deeply entrenched by submarine canyons. At the foot of the slope is a large sedimentary apron known as the continental rise. The central zone from Nantucket Island to Cape Lookout also consists of continental shelf, slope, and rise. Although smoother than in the northern zone, the surface of the shelf is disrupted by sand swells, channels, coral mounds, and terraces. Most of these features may be related to lower stands of sea level during the Pleistocene. The continental slope in this zone is as deeply entrenched by submarine canyons as the slope in the northern zone. The continental rise seaward of the continental slope is similar to that in the northern zone. The continental margin in the southern zone from Cape Lookout to the Florida Keys is more complicated than the areas farther north. The continental slope is relatively smooth and has gradients as high as 20°-five times steeper than the slope farther north. The area landward of the slope does not consist of a simple continental shelf as it does farther north but instead consists of a shelf, a marginal plateau (the Blake Plateau), a trough (the Straits of Florida), and the Bahama Banks. In this sector of the continental margin, the topographic position occupied by the continental rise farther north is occupied by the broad flat-bottomed Blake Basin and Blake Ridge. East of Nantucket Island, topographic differences are believed to be due to glacial erosion, which has deepened the normal shallow shelf; south of Cape Lookout, they are believed to be due to folding or faulting, erosion by the Gulf Stream, and calcareous accretion.