Batteries: Basic Principles, Technologies, and Modeling

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction Basic Principles History of Batteries Battery Applications and Market Thermodynamics of Batteries and Electrode Kinetics Thermodynamics and Cell Potentials Electrode Kinetics Transport Mechanisms in Batteries Characteristics of Batteries Theoretical Capacity and Voltage Theoretical Capacity Theoretical Voltage Battery Technologies Primary Batteries Leclanché's Cells Magnesium Cells Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Batteries Silver Oxide Cells Zinc/Air Cells Lithium Batteries Secondary Batteries Lead‐acid Batteries Nickel–Cadmium Batteries Nickel–Hydrogen Batteries Nickel–Metal Hydride ( Ni / MH ) Batteries Lithium‐ion Batteries (Li‐ion) Mathematical Modeling of Batteries Schematic Diagram and Complexity of the Model Empirical Models First‐principle Models Formulation of the Equations Solution of Model Equations Estimation of Properties and Parameters Validation of the Model Summary and Battery Trends

Implementation and design of high‐power fast charger for lithium‐ion battery pack

“…On the other hand, comparing rechargeable Li-ion batteries with other secondary batteries, the secondary Li-ion batteries have the largest power and energy density [1][2][3]. Nowadays, the popular rechargeable batteries include lead-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, and these batteries can be found in various applications, such as powered forklifts, pallet trucks, and stacker.…”

“…Conventionally, lead-acid battery is adopted to supply the driving power of the electrified vehicles; however, lead-acid battery has a ponderous conformation; Ni-Cd battery possesses the cadmium metals, which will result the environment pollutions. On the other hand, comparing rechargeable Li-ion batteries with other secondary batteries, the secondary Li-ion batteries have the largest power and energy density [1][2][3]. Thus, the secondary Li-ion batteries can be used to replace these rechargeable batteries in rigid design cases, where the battery pack of the large capacity is a suitable application [3,4].…”