Battery Electric Storage Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Market Trends

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the growing demand for sustainable power solutions have necessitated the widespread deployment of energy storage systems. Among these systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have emerged as a promising technology due to their flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the diffusion and deployment of BESSs across various applications, analyzing their impact on grid stability, renewable energy integration, and the overall energy transition. The paper examines the key drivers and challenges associated with BESS adoption, as well as market trends influencing their proliferation. Through an analysis of empirical data, this study aims to shed light on the current state of BESS diffusion. Finally, this research contributes to the knowledge base surrounding battery storage technology and provides insights into its role in achieving a sustainable and reliable energy future.

Estimation of Energy Storage Requirements in an Independent Power System from an Energy Perspective

“…The calculation of the SOC (State of Charge) of the battery storage system, the final SOC value, and its range are expressed by Equations ( 7) and (8). Equation (7) calculates the battery storage system's charge level at time t, SOC(t).…”

“…Here, δ t represents the time interval; η Ind and η Inc represent the discharging and charging efficiency of the battery storage system; the storage capacity is denoted by P batt_capacity in MWh. Equation (8) defines the minimum SOC min and maximum SOC max values of the battery storage system. These equations collectively define the operational mode of the battery storage system in a time sequence, including charging/discharging behaviors, efficiency, and capacity limits, thus integrating the storage system effectively into the overall power system operation.…”

“…In situations where there is a large gap between generation and consumption, the appropriate addition of energy storage systems can effectively reduce or even resolve curtailment issues [5][6][7]. Energy storage systems can also supply electricity when renewable generation is low [8], reducing traditional generation and thereby lowering CO 2 emissions [9,10].…”

Operative Benefits of Residential Battery Storage for Decarbonizing Energy Systems: A German Case Study

“…The decarbonization of the European power sector requires a significant expansion of storage technologies; it is estimated that the EU will need battery capacity ranging from 80-351 GWh by 2050 [7], particularly to counteract the diurnal fluctuation of PV generation. Among battery technologies, lithium-based ones are considered very promising for both mobile and stationary energy storage applications due to their high specific energy and load capacity, long lifetime, and low self-discharge rate [8]. Driven by the research and development for the automotive and consumer electronics industries [9], the costs of lithium-ion cells, scaled by energy capacity, have fallen by 97% since their commercial introduction in 1991 [10].…”