Battery energy storage in electric vehicles by 2030

Abstract

This work aims to review battery‐energy‐storage (BES) to understand whether, given the present and near future limitations, the best approach should be the promotion of multiple technologies, namely support of battery‐electric‐vehicles (BEVs), hybrid thermal electric vehicles (HTEVs), and hydrogen fuel‐cell‐electric‐vehicles (FCEVs), rather than BEVs alone. While battery technologies have dramatically improved especially in the last 25 years, the dismissal of internal‐combustion‐engine‐vehicles (ICEVs) in favor of BEVs has only been the result of an environmental constraint rather than a techno‐economical advantage. BEVs still suffer from techno‐economic disadvantages vs ICEVs and are also less environmentally friendly on a cradle‐to‐grave life‐cycle‐analysis (LCA) than HTEVs which are using hydrocarbon fuels. Simplified plug‐in series HTEVs fitted with a slightly larger battery can work electric over the certification cycles, which are the most common mode of operation of the vehicle. These vehicles can also recharge the battery by using a small, high‐efficiency internal‐combustion‐engine (ICE) driving a generator when plug‐in recharge is impractical. Further improvements in battery technology within the next decade to solid‐state lithium batteries may permit double the specific energy per unit mass (σm) as well as unit volume (σv). This will lead to an increment of the range and the miles‐per‐gallon‐equivalent, in other words, the energy efficiency. The economic and environmental costs of these novel BEVs are still difficult to forecast. Plug‐in HTEVs, fueled with hydrocarbon or even hydrogen fuel, and plug‐in hydrogen FCEVs, may work together with BEVs to cover the different needs of personal mobility by 2030.

Capacity Factors over the Lifetime of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Plants

“…Thus, a proper comparison of different technologies should also factor in the cost of nondispatchability, for example, the expenses to build the energy storage system to make dispatchable the supply to the grid and the loss of electricity passing through the energy storage system. [ 12–14 ] Finally, the concept of a Levelized cost of storage, [ 15–18 ] also subject to decay, [ 18 ] to be coupled to the LCOE, is making the way to inform decisions by policymakers. [ 19–22 ]…”

Tailoring the Mass Transport to Achieve High-Performing Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells Considering Practical Operating Conditions

“…1 Technologies with long duration storage time (weeks, months, or even longer), high round-trip efficiencies (RTEs), and low cost are of particular interest for seasonal grid-scale applications. 2,3 While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely accepted as the most promising devices and have already been demonstrated for grid balancing in Australia, 4,5 widespread applications has been hindered due to high capital cost for longduration energy storage since the storage and conversion functionalities are intimately coupled in a single architecture. 6,7 Regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) could potentially address the long-duration energy-storage challenge.…”