Battery-Free and Noninvasive Estimation of Food pH and CO2 Concentration for Food Monitoring Based on Pressure Measurement

Abstract

In this paper, we developed a battery-free system that can be used to estimate food pH level and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in a food package from headspace pressure measurement. While being stored, food quality degrades gradually as a function of time and storage conditions. A food monitoring system is, therefore, essential to prevent the detrimental problems of food waste and eating spoilt food. Since conventional works that invasively measure food pH level and CO2 concentration in food packages have shown several disadvantages in terms of power consumption, system size, cost, and reliability, our study proposes a system utilizing package headspace pressure to accurately and noninvasively extract food pH level and CO2 concentration, which reflection food quality. To read pressure data in the food container, a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm smart sensor tag was designed and integrated with near-field communication (NFC)-based energy harvesting technology for battery-free operation. To validate the reliability of the proposed extraction method, various experiments were conducted with different foods, such as pork, chicken, and fish, in two storage environments. The experimental results show that the designed system can operate in a fully passive mode to communicate with an NFC-enabled smartphone. High correlation coefficients of the headspace pressure with the food pH level and the headspace CO2 concentration were observed in all experiments, demonstrating the ability of the proposed system to estimate food pH level and CO2 concentration with high accuracy. A linear regression model was then trained to linearly fit the sensor data. To display the estimated results, we also developed an Android mobile application with an easy-to-use interface.

Android-Based Car Tire Pressure Monitoring System

“…The learning design will be implemented with the aim of devices and sensors that take wind pressure data on tires connected to smartphones or android phones that aim to make four-wheelers can monitor tire pressure with smartphone devices made by drivers can know, monitor and maintain the stability of air pressure on the tire to drive safely and comfortably. features that will be created in the development of android-based tire pressure monitoring (Nguyen et al, 2020); (Patil et al, 2018). In figure 1 shows a picture of an android-based tire pressure monitoring system tool, as for the explanation as follows:…”

A Robust Miniaturized Gas Sensor for H2 and CO2 Detection Based on the 3ω Method

“…The results are compared to other studies reporting on thermal conductivity sensors. Beyond that, we want to explore the potential and the limitations of this technique for possible applications, such as human breath analysis or food monitoring [36][37][38][39] in terms of CO 2 , or fuel cell or power-to-gas applications [18,40] in terms of H 2 .…”

A Smart Archive Box for Museum Artifact Monitoring Using Battery-Less Temperature and Humidity Sensing

“…In recent years, various battery-less and battery-assisted wireless sensing solutions have been developed using NFC and RFID technology in multiple application domains. These applications require the sensing of multiple disparate parameters including temperature, humidity, pH, CO 2 , and pressure [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Such applications include soil moisture monitoring [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], fruit quality measurement [ 43 , 44 ], long-term building structural health monitoring [ 45 , 46 ], gas monitoring (ammonia, CO 2 and oxygen) [ 47 ], and environmental parameter monitoring [ 48 , 49 ].…”

“…The DC power consumption of battery-less NFC sensors reported in the literature is generally higher than 1.5 mW [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. In [ 24 , 38 ], an NFC sensor power consumption of less than 1 mW has been reported, however the authors did not report the precise value of the power consumption. In museum artifact monitoring, NFC sensor cost, wireless communications range and operational life are all important requirements.…”