Battery-like bismuth oxide anodes for soft-packed supercapacitors with high energy storage performance

Abstract

Bismuth compounds are of interest because of the abundant reserves and high theoretical capacity for use as anodes in supercapacitors. In this work, the bismuth oxycarbonate is synthesized by a...

An ammonium vanadate/MXene nanocomposite for high-performance ammonium ion storage

“…The R S and R CT values obtained by tting the Nyquist plot measurements in the EC lab soware were 4.32 U and 0.58 U. Z CPE was calculated from ESI † eqn (7). As mentioned, the 'n' value differentiates the charge storage process between a resistor (n = 0) and a capacitor (n = 1).…”

“…1 M NH 4 (SO 4 ) 2 was employed as an electrolyte. The mass required for the positive and negative electrodes was calculated using a charge balance equation ESI † eqn (7). From the mass balance equation, the mass loading for the positive electrode was 2.1 mg, and 4.6 mg for the negative electrode.…”

“…During the intercalation, the NH 4 + ion rotates to move forward inside the electrode structure, with the hydrogen bonds between the NH 4 + ion and the host dynamically breaking and forming back and forth, leading to high power density and longterm cycling lifetime. 6,7 Various non-metallic charge carriers, such as protons (H + ), hydronium (H 3 O + ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ) ions have physical characteristics that could be advantageous for electrochemical systems. 8,9 Among those, NH 4 + ions as charge carriers forming mildly acidic electrolytes are particularly appealing, whereas protons or hydronium ions result in a more reactive acidic environment that may corrode the electrodes.…”

Ligand-free supermolecules: [Pd2@Ge18]4− and [Pd2@Sn18]4− as multiple-bonded Zintl-ion clusters based on Pd@Ge9 and Pd@Sn9 assembled units

“…Thus, the rationalization of cluster-cluster aggregates contributes to further design strategies for building materials from specific units. The resulting aggregates have been coined as supermolecules 26,27 involving single and multiple intercluster bonding features as rationalized for Pd 2 @Au 36 (SR) 24 , [28][29][30] Au 22 (dppo) 6 , 31 and Au 36 Ag 2 (SR) 18 , 32 where a super valence bond (SVB) model approach is useful to characterize such binding situation. [33][34][35][36] In this sense, larger [Pd 2 @Ge 18 ] 4− and [Pd 2 @Sn 18 ] 4− clusters appear as dimers of two [Pd@E 12 ] 2− units after the removal of three vertices, resulting in a dimer of electron precise [Pd@Ge 9 ] 2− and [Pd@Sn 9 ] 2− sides.…”

Second-order superatoms: Au52-PAP featuring a three-dimensional cluster-of-clusters core

“…4,14,18 The metal-centered icosahedral Au 13 5+ core is a relevant prototypical motif as denoted in the seminal Au 25 (SR) 18 − cluster [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] featuring eight cluster electrons (8-ce) in a closedshell 1S 2 1P 6 electronic configuration; 4,27 described as a superatom in analogy to isolated atoms. Noteworthy, such a motif can aggregate into dimers, trimers, and rings, leading to the formation of supermolecules, 28,29 highlighting M 2 Au 36 (SR) 24 , resembling 14-, 12-, and 10-ce species that retain single-, double-, and triple-intercluster bonds, in resemblance to Cl-Cl, OvO, and NuN molecules, which can be reversibly controlled electrochemically. [30][31][32] Moreover, three-center bonds have also been depicted recently.…”