“…One of the most significant difficulties of lithium-ion batteries is the highly nonlinear and complex electrochemical nature that makes an accurate parameter estimation a difficult task that may lead to inaccurate SOC estimation that causes overcharging and over-discharging that can damage the battery. Battery statuses, including state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), state of life (SOL), and state of power (SOP) [13], are tracked using the battery management system (BMS) to repair this harm [14,15]. The battery management system (BMS) is an electronic device with several features, including managing and monitoring the battery's critical status, fault diagnosis, thermal management, preventing the battery from running outside of its safe operating range, keeping an eye on its states (SOC, SOH, SOL, and SOP), computing and reporting the data, and controlling the environment [16].…”