Battery Performance and Cost Modeling for Electric-Drive Vehicles (A Manual for BatPaC v5.0)

Knehr, Kevin W.; Kubal, Joseph; Nelson, P.A.; Ahmed, Shabbir

doi:10.2172/1877590

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…based on electrode chemistries of the LIBs) [314] An effective LIB sorting to obtain uniform waste stream would enable and facilitate the adoption of direct recycling as a primary approach for LIB recycling. The prevalence of direct LIB recycling would significantly reduce the production cost of cathode materials and mitigate the negative environmental effect of current LIB recycling methods [10,111,135,195,315,316].…”

Section: Advances In Science and Technology To Meet Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

et al. 2023

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The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life, there is a range of potential options – remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state of health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates end-of-life disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of end-of-life battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in the range of approaches in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research.

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Section: Advances In Science and Technology To Meet Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

et al. 2023

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“…Overhead costs (e.g., research and development or warranty costs) were allocated to both the factor and material costs based on the basic-to-overhead multipliers as used in BatPaC. Multipliers were thereby calculated from the percentage used to determine the overhead cost, such as profits (e.g., 5% from total investment cost) or depreciation (e.g., 10% of capital equipment and 5% of floor space); see also p. 122 of Knehr et al 37 Material criticality is typically defined as the relation between (1) the supply disruption probability related to short-term socio-economic aspects and (2) the vulnerability to such disruption. 56 In this study, the criticality indicator is based on the product level criticality calculation as described by Luẗkehaus et al 57 by multiplying the supply disruption probability of a product system with its vulnerability score.…”

Section: = Q B S H H E E P Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Model to Conduct Multi-Criteria Technology Assessments: The Case of Electric Vehicle Batteries

Baars

Cerdas

Heidrich

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The large-scale adoption of low-carbon technologies can result in trade-offs between technical, socio-economic, and environmental aspects. To assess such trade-offs, discipline-specific models typically used in isolation need to be integrated to support decisions. Integrated modeling approaches, however, usually remain at the conceptual level, and operationalization efforts are lacking. Here, we propose an integrated model and framework to guide the assessment and engineering of technical, socio-economic, and environmental aspects of low-carbon technologies. The framework was tested with a case study of design strategies aimed to improve the material sustainability of electric vehicle batteries. The integrated model assesses the trade-offs between the costs, emissions, material criticality, and energy density of 20,736 unique material design options. The results show clear conflicts between energy density and the other indicators: i.e., energy density is reduced by more than 20% when the costs, emissions, or material criticality objectives are optimized. Finding optimal battery designs that balance between these objectives remains difficult but is essential to establishing a sustainable battery system. The results exemplify how the integrated model can be used as a decision support tool for researchers, companies, and policy makers to optimize low-carbon technology designs from various perspectives.

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“…The results were compared with those of an NCM811||graphite (Gr) LIB system. [5,[45][46][47] In contrast to the LIB, wherein the cathode constituted the largest proportion of cost and the separator was more expensive than the LEs, the cost of the SSE material was the highest compared to those of the components in the ASSB system, even when considering only SSE materials within SSE films. SSEs account for approximately 63% of the total materials cost in the unit cell when using a 20 μm-thick SSE film, mainly owing to the high cost of the precursor Li 2 S. Not surprisingly, reducing the thickness of SSEs could lead to a drastic decrease in the cost portion (Figure 1d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensional Strategies for Bridging the Research Gap between Lab‐Scale and Potentially Practical All‐Solid‐State Batteries: The Role of Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Films

Song,

Baeck,

Kwak

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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The absence of liquid components in all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) based on sulfide solid electrolytes (SSEs) significantly impacts manufacturing processes and performance, particularly concerning mechanical properties and evolution. SSE films play vital roles in this context. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of SSE film design strategies, emphasizing their significance in the cell assembly and operation of practical ASSBs. Essential SSE film components are examined, including SSEs, binders, and scaffold or substrate materials, and key characteristics related to ASSB assembly and operation are addressed, such as conduction properties, electrochemical stability, and mechanical properties. Various SSE films fabricated using different binders and scaffold or substrate materials are explored through slurry‐casting or solvent‐free methods, and ASSBs employing SSE films with diverse form factors and components are presented, emphasizing their ability to operate under low‐pressure conditions. Additionally, the importance of establishing test protocols for assessing SSE film performance metrics is highlighted and strategies for enabling Li metal anodes are introduced. By deepening the understanding of the electrochemo‐mechanical phenomena and engineering processes in ASSBs, it is anticipated that the gap between lab‐scale research and practical goals can be bridged through design strategies that leverage the hybridization of various compositions and the immiscible nature of solid‐state materials.

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Battery Performance and Cost Modeling for Electric-Drive Vehicles (A Manual for BatPaC v5.0)

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies

An Integrated Model to Conduct Multi-Criteria Technology Assessments: The Case of Electric Vehicle Batteries

Dimensional Strategies for Bridging the Research Gap between Lab‐Scale and Potentially Practical All‐Solid‐State Batteries: The Role of Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Films

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