Bayesian calibration of a hybrid nuclear collision model using 
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 and Pb-Pb data at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Moreland, J. Scott; Bernhard, Jonah E.; Bass, Steffen A.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.101.024911

Cited by 108 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…whereT (x, y) is the modified participant thickness function, s 0 is a normalization factor, and p is a tunable parameter which makes TRENTo model effectively interpolates among different entropy deposition schemes, such as KLN, EKRT, WN, etc. [83,95,96]. For proton-proton collisions, TRENTo is modified with the sub-nucleonic structure [83]…”

Section: Trento Initial Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following Refs. [83,97,98], we assume the particle density of non-interacting massless particles at the very beginning is proportional to entropy density described by Eq. (3), and then free streaming these massless partons till the proper time τ 0 to obtain the boost-invariant energymomentum tensor T μν (x, y, τ 0 ).…”

Section: Trento Initial Condition With Free Streamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the parameter set of Para-I of TRENTo initial condition, we also include the pre-equilibrium evolution with an infinitely weak coupling limit (dashed red line), which free-streams the initial state to proper time τ 0 before instantaneously switching to hydrodynamic simulations [83,98]. It shows that such pre-equilibrium dynamics not only affects the magnitude of v 2 {2} but also affects its dependence on the multiplicity, which seems excluded by the experimental data.…”

Section: -Particle Cumulantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these questions, in this paper, we implement three different initial conditions, called HIJING [51], super-MC [82] and TRENTo [83], to the iEBE-VISHNU hybrid model simulations to study various flow observables in p-p collisions, especially on the four-particle cumulant c 2 {4} and mixed harmonic three-and four-particle azimuthal correlations. To better understand the non-linear hydrodynamic evolution in the small systems, we also investigate the response between the initial ε 2 and final v 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To systematically investigate the hydrodynamic collectivity of p-p system and its dependence on the initial condition models, we implement three different initial condition model, namely, modified HIJING [51], super-MC [82] and TRENTo [83]. In general, these three initial conditions neglect the pre-equilibrium dynamics and set the initial flow velocity and the shear-stress tensor to be zero for the succeeding hydrodynamic simulations, which are also the default settings of our calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton–proton collisions at the LHC

et al. 2020

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In this paper, we investigate the hydrodynamic collectivity in proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=$$ s = 13 TeV, using with three different initial conditions, namely, , and . With properly tuned parameters, hydrodynamics gives reasonable descriptions of the measured two-particle correlations, including the integrated and $$p_\mathrm{T}$$ p T -differential flow. However, the hydrodynamic simulations fail to describe the negative four-particle cumulant $$c_2^v\{4\}$$ c 2 v { 4 } as measured in experiments. The four-particle cumulant $$c_2^v\{4\}$$ c 2 v { 4 } is always positive after hydrodynamic evolutions. Further investigations show that the non-linear response between the final $$v_2$$ v 2 and the initial $$\varepsilon _2$$ ε 2 becomes significant in p-p systems. This leads to a large deviation from linear eccentricity scaling and generates additional flow fluctuations, which results in a positive $$c_2^v\{4\}$$ c 2 v { 4 } even with a negative $$c_2^\varepsilon \{4\}$$ c 2 ε { 4 } from the initial state. We also presented the first hydrodynamic calculations of mixed harmonic azimuthal correlations in p-p collisions. Although many qualitative features are reproduced by the hydrodynamic simulations, the measured negative normalized Symmetric-Cumulant $$nsc_{2,3}\{4\}$$ n s c 2 , 3 { 4 } cannot be reproduced. Obviously hydrodynamic calculations have a general difficulty to describe the data. It triggers that whether hydrodynamics with a new initial state could solve this puzzle, or hydrodynamics itself is not the appreciated mechanism of the observed collectivity, and the non-hydrodynamic modes become important in p-p collisions at the LHC.

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Section: Trento Initial Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trento Initial Condition With Free Streamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -Particle Cumulantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton–proton collisions at the LHC

et al. 2020

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Measurements of long-range two-particle correlation over a wide pseudorapidity range in p–Pb collisions at $$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV

Acharya,

Adamová,

Aglieri Rinella

et al. 2024

J. High Energ. Phys.

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Correlations in azimuthal angle extending over a long range in pseudorapidity between particles, usually called the “ridge” phenomenon, were discovered in heavy-ion collisions, and later found in pp and p–Pb collisions. In large systems, they are thought to arise from the expansion (collective flow) of the produced particles. Extending these measurements over a wider range in pseudorapidity and final-state particle multiplicity is important to understand better the origin of these long-range correlations in small collision systems. In this Letter, measurements of the long-range correlations in p–Pb collisions at $$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$ s NN = 5.02 TeV are extended to a pseudorapidity gap of ∆η ~ 8 between particles using the ALICE forward multiplicity detectors. After suppressing non-flow correlations, e.g., from jet and resonance decays, the ridge structure is observed to persist up to a very large gap of ∆η ~ 8 for the first time in p–Pb collisions. This shows that the collective flow-like correlations extend over an extensive pseudorapidity range also in small collision systems such as p–Pb collisions. The pseudorapidity dependence of the second-order anisotropic flow coefficient, v2(η), is extracted from the long-range correlations. The v2(η) results are presented for a wide pseudorapidity range of –3.1 < η < 4.8 in various centrality classes in p–Pb collisions. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the source of anisotropic flow in small collision systems, the v2(η) measurements are compared with hydrodynamic and transport model calculations. The comparison suggests that the final-state interactions play a dominant role in developing the anisotropic flow in small collision systems.

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On the interplay between magnetic field and anisotropy in holographic QCD

Gürsoy

Järvinen

Nijs

et al. 2021

J. High Energ. Phys.

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We investigate the combined effects of anisotropy and a magnetic field in strongly interacting gauge theories by the gauge/gravity correspondence. Our main motivation is the quark-gluon plasma produced in off-central heavy-ion collisions which exhibits large anisotropy in pressure gradients as well as large external magnetic fields. We explore two different configurations, with the anisotropy either parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field, focusing on the competition and interplay between the two. A detailed study of the RG flow in the ground state reveals a rich structure where depending on which of the two, anisotropy or magnetic field, is stronger, intermediate geometries with approximate AdS4 × ℝ and AdS3 × ℝ2 factors arise. This competition is also manifest in the phase structure at finite temperature, specifically in the dependence of the chiral transition temperature on anisotropy and magnetic field, from which we infer the presence of inverse magnetic and anisotropic catalyses of the chiral condensate. Finally, we consider other salient observables in the theory, including the quark-antiquark potential, shear viscosity, entanglement entropy and the butterfly velocity. We demonstrate that they serve as good probes of the theory, in particular, distinguishing between the effects of the magnetic field and anisotropy in the ground and plasma states. We also find that the butterfly velocity, which codifies how fast information propagates in the plasma, exhibits a rich structure as a function of temperature, anisotropy and magnetic field, exceeding the conformal value in certain regimes.

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Bayesian calibration of a hybrid nuclear collision model using p−Pb and Pb-Pb data at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Cited by 108 publications

References 96 publications

Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton–proton collisions at the LHC

Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton–proton collisions at the LHC

Measurements of long-range two-particle correlation over a wide pseudorapidity range in p–Pb collisions at $$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV

On the interplay between magnetic field and anisotropy in holographic QCD

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