“…In recent years, machine learning (ML), especially deep learning (DL) techniques, started to be intensively explored in geophysical problems for a wide variety of scales, instruments and data (see, for instance, Yu & Ma, 2021;Bom et al, 2021;Dias et al, 2020), such as automatic detection of faults in seismic images (Araya-Polo et al, 2017), automatic detection of salt bodies in seismic images (Shi et al, 2019;Sen et al, 2020), seismic image denoising and resolution enhancement (Wang & Nealon, 2019;Bugge et al, 2021) and, seismic facies segmentation (Civitarese et al, 2019). One particular set of problems that attracted attention is the one related to VMB (AlAli & Deep-tomography 3 Anifowose, 2021), from automated NMO velocity picking (Smith, 2017;Park & Sacchi, 2020) to FWI assisted by ML algorithms (Zhang & Alkhalifah, 2019;He & Wang, 2021), until the complete model estimation (Biswas et al, 2019;Araya-Polo et al, 2018Yang & Ma, 2019;Li et al, 2020;Fabien-Ouellet & Sarkar, 2020;Kazei et al, 2020;Geng et al, 2022).…”