“…Another idea, initiated in [ 27 , 28 ], is the use of so-called data-driven approaches in which microscale calculations are performed offline, and are then used as data in an online stage to reconstruct the macroscopic (effective) behavior. For this purpose, several techniques were proposed, including interpolation methods [ 27 , 29 ], neural networks [ 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], Bayesian inference [ 36 ], Fourier series expansions [ 37 ], or Gaussian process regression [ 38 ]. In the related techniques, offline data collection is used in a regression process to construct an accurate surrogate model whose evaluation is several orders of magnitude lower than that performing one RVE nonlinear calculation.…”