“…Clovis is widespread across the continent and is the older complex (Waters and Stafford 2007; Waters et al 2020). Folsom is found mostly in the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and parts of the Southwest region and follows Clovis in time (Andrews et al 2008; Buchanan et al 2021; Surovell et al 2016). Although the geographic, temporal, and technological circumstances of the Folsom complex strongly suggest that it derives from the Clovis complex (Irwin and Wormington 1970; Kelly and Todd 1988), the Folsom complex displays widespread technological and behavioral departures from the preceding Clovis complex.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our goal in this study is to investigate the nature of the transition from Clovis to Folsom. To do this we take advantage of recent dating of known Clovis and Folsom sites and the reevaluation of their respective age ranges (Buchanan et al 2021; Devièse et al 2018; Waters and Stafford 2007; Waters et al 2020). We calibrate our dataset of Clovis and Folsom radiocarbon dates using the newly published IntCal20 calibration curve that uses improved methods and extends tree ring calibration to 13,910 cal BP, thus including the Clovis and Folsom periods under study here (Reimer et al 2020).…”
An enduring problem in North American archaeology concerns the nature of the transition between the Clovis and Folsom Paleoindian complexes in the West. Traditional models indicate a temporal hiatus between the two complexes implying that Folsom was a population replacement for Clovis. Alternatively, if Folsom was an innovation that occurred within Clovis populations and subsequently spread, we would expect to see a temporal overlap. Here, we test these hypotheses using high-quality radiocarbon dates and Bayesian statistics to infer the temporal boundaries of the complexes. We show that the Folsom complex initially appears between 12,900 and 12,740 cal BP, whereas Clovis disappears between 12,720 and12,490 cal BP. Therefore, Folsom may have appeared about 200 years before Clovis disappeared, and so the two complexes likely co-occurred in the West for nearly eight generations. This finding suggests that Folsom was a successful adaptive innovation that diffused through the western Clovis population, eventually going to fixation over multiple generations.
“…Clovis is widespread across the continent and is the older complex (Waters and Stafford 2007; Waters et al 2020). Folsom is found mostly in the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and parts of the Southwest region and follows Clovis in time (Andrews et al 2008; Buchanan et al 2021; Surovell et al 2016). Although the geographic, temporal, and technological circumstances of the Folsom complex strongly suggest that it derives from the Clovis complex (Irwin and Wormington 1970; Kelly and Todd 1988), the Folsom complex displays widespread technological and behavioral departures from the preceding Clovis complex.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our goal in this study is to investigate the nature of the transition from Clovis to Folsom. To do this we take advantage of recent dating of known Clovis and Folsom sites and the reevaluation of their respective age ranges (Buchanan et al 2021; Devièse et al 2018; Waters and Stafford 2007; Waters et al 2020). We calibrate our dataset of Clovis and Folsom radiocarbon dates using the newly published IntCal20 calibration curve that uses improved methods and extends tree ring calibration to 13,910 cal BP, thus including the Clovis and Folsom periods under study here (Reimer et al 2020).…”
An enduring problem in North American archaeology concerns the nature of the transition between the Clovis and Folsom Paleoindian complexes in the West. Traditional models indicate a temporal hiatus between the two complexes implying that Folsom was a population replacement for Clovis. Alternatively, if Folsom was an innovation that occurred within Clovis populations and subsequently spread, we would expect to see a temporal overlap. Here, we test these hypotheses using high-quality radiocarbon dates and Bayesian statistics to infer the temporal boundaries of the complexes. We show that the Folsom complex initially appears between 12,900 and 12,740 cal BP, whereas Clovis disappears between 12,720 and12,490 cal BP. Therefore, Folsom may have appeared about 200 years before Clovis disappeared, and so the two complexes likely co-occurred in the West for nearly eight generations. This finding suggests that Folsom was a successful adaptive innovation that diffused through the western Clovis population, eventually going to fixation over multiple generations.
“…Macrobotanical analysis of the hearth suggests the consumption of mesquite pods during a summer occupation. Even though no diagnostic artifacts were identified, Bayesian modeling indicates the occupation occurred between 12,660 and 12,480 cal BP, contemporaneous with Folsom (Buchanan et al 2021). Although we lack sufficient chronometric data to demonstrate a behavioral link between F14 and Bone Bed 2 (BB2) at Bonfire Shelter, evaluating this possibility is an important avenue of future research.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Modeled output is noted at a 95.4% credible interval and rounded to five years. Bayesian modeling places the age of F14 at 12,660–12,480 cal BP during the Younger Dryas and contemporary with the Folsom period (Buchanan et al 2021). Figure 3.Orthographic image of late Pleistocene stratigraphy along profile sections (PS) 31, 32, 33, and 34 showing (a) terminal Pleistocene to early Holocene AMS dates; (b) annotated profile, and (c) geoarchaeological sediment analysis (color version online; see Supplemental Figure 2 for colorized annotation of PS31–34).Figure 4.Bayesian age model of Eagle Cave, Zones 10–8.…”
Section: Feature 14: a Younger Dryas Bison Butchery Componentmentioning
Recent excavations by the Ancient Southwest Texas Project of Texas State University sampled a previously undocumented Younger Dryas component from Eagle Cave in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas. This stratified assemblage consists of bison (Bison antiquus) bones in association with lithic artifacts and a hearth. Bayesian modeling yields an age of 12,660–12,480 cal BP, and analyses indicate behaviors associated with the processing of a juvenile bison and the manufacture and maintenance of lithic tools. This article presents spatial, faunal, macrobotanical, chronometric, geoarchaeological, and lithic analyses relating to the Younger Dryas component within Eagle Cave. The identification of the Younger Dryas occupation in Eagle Cave should encourage archaeologists to revisit previously excavated rockshelter sites in the Lower Pecos and beyond to evaluate deposits for unrecognized, older occupations.
“…Indeed, although North American copper usage has been a topic of interest for centuries, the chronological relationships and temporalities for the various copper using groups are still relatively uncertain, mainly due to small sample sizes and the vagaries of dating [ 46 ]. Here we use Bayesian modeling to establish updated chronologies for three distinct cultural phenomenon differentially inscribed across the western Great Lakes landscape, 1) Middle Archaic mortuary sites located far from copper sources, referred to herein as “Old Copper” traditions, 2) Late Archaic mortuary sites located nearer to copper sources referred to herein as “Red Ocher” traditions, and 3) Late Archaic production sites located near copper sources, referred to herein as “Burnt Rollways” traditions.…”
North America’s ancient copper use, predicted to originate as early as 9000 cal BP, represents the earliest use of native copper for utilitarian tool production in the world. Although recent work has focused on establishing the first use of copper in the western Great Lakes region, little attention has been paid to determining the age ranges of subsequent copper using groups or to the identification of broader trends in copper use during the Archaic Period (10,000–3000 RCYBP). Here we address this issue by applying Bayesian modeling to a comprehensive suite of 76 radiocarbon dates directly associated with copper use. Our results identified two distinct peaks in copper usage, ca. 5500 cal BP and ca. 3300 cal BP. Age ranges for the three Archaic Period traditions and practices associated with copper use of the western Great Lakes are revised using modern calibration curves. Bayesian revisions of age ranges from sites where copper tools and/or production debris have been found provide insight into the historical relationships between, and cultural interactions among, these early copper using groups. This study provides an updated, refined chronology based on the most recent calibration curve (IntCal20) for the varied cultural contexts of copper use across the western Great Lakes.
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