Bayesian updating during development predicts genotypic differences in plasticity

Stamps, Judy A.; Biro, Peter A.; Mitchell, David J.; Saltz, Julia B.

doi:10.1111/evo.13585

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…Alternatively, our results could suggest the emergence of new behavioral tendencies: If individuals randomly emerge from shelter under conditions without pressure, new individually specific latency personalities may canalize after life experiences. This second possibility is consistent with Bayesian updating models of development (Stamps et al., 2018) but, due to our ambiguous results, requires further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The effects of exposure to predators on personality and plasticity

Bucklaew

Dochtermann

2020

Ethology

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Past experiences are known to affect average behavior but effects on animal personality and plasticity are less well studied. To determine whether experience with predators influences these aspects, we compared the behavior of Gryllodes sigillatus before and after exposure to live predators. We found that emergence from shelter and distance moved during open-field trials (activity) changed after exposure, with individuals becoming less likely to emerge from shelters but more active when deprived of shelter. We also found that behavioral plasticity in activity increased after exposure to predators. Our results demonstrate that experience with predators affects not only the average behavior of individuals but also how individuals differ from their own prior behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The effects of exposure to predators on personality and plasticity

Bucklaew

Dochtermann

2020

Ethology

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“…We observed some treatment level differences later in the experiment with control fish being more sedentary, though this did not seem intuitively meaningful as effects were counter to predictions and inconsistent among treatment groups. Further, contrary to the Bayesian models which predict convergence of phenotypes when animals are moved to standardised conditions (Stamps et al, 2018;Stamps and Krishnan, 2017), our character-state model revealed increased among-individual variance at nine weeks old.…”

Section: No Effect Of Juvenile Predator Cues On Behaviourcontrasting

confidence: 99%

Visual and olfactory cues of predation affect body and brain growth in the guppy

Mitchell¹,

Lefèvre²,

Vega‐Trejo³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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1.Phenotypic plasticity requires animals to acquire reliable environmental information. When multiple sources of information agree, cues should be perceived as reliable and induce a relatively strong response. Conversely, where stimuli conflict, animals must weigh the accuracy of the sources of information and responses should be reduced. 2.Availability of reliable information is often considered a limitation on plasticity, yet how animals integrate seemingly contradictory or incomplete information remains enigmatic, as empirical tests are scarce. 3.We tested how incomplete information determines phenotypic plasticity by simulating predation risk during early ontogeny of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We exposed guppy fry to a combination of visual and/or olfactory cues of the predatory pike cichlid (Crenicichla alta), and monitored growth of the body and brain. After five weeks of exposure, guppies were returned to common no-risk conditions and their activity rates were monitored for four weeks post-treatment. 4.Visual predator exposure more strongly affected development; reducing body size of adult males and increasing brain size in females. However, there was little evidence for the hypothesised additive effect, with the combined treatment not inducing a larger effect than when only receiving olfactory or visual treatments. 5.While there was consistent individual variation in activity rates, this was unaffected by developmental risk and uncorrelated with the growth parameters. 6.Our results demonstrate the differential reliability of cues during development. Visual exposure to a predator was a highly reliable environmental cue, while environmental certainty was unaffected by combined stimuli.

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“…In some cases, behavior‐dependent survival could lead to within‐lifetime selection against certain behavioral profiles (model 7, Table 1; Bell et al, 2009; Freidenfelds, Robbins, & Langkilde, 2012), leading to reduced among‐individual variation in behavior in adults; however, all juvenile turtles tested in 2017 survived to 2018, so selection should not have influenced juvenile personality development. This trend toward a decline in among‐individual variation is consistent with convergence of behavior in response to developing in a common environment (model 6, Table 1; Stamps, Biro, Mitchell, & Saltz, 2018; Stamps & Frankenhuis, 2016). We would have expected that such a role of the environment would have produced differences in behavior between enriched and unenriched turtles, which were not apparent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Long‐term behavioral repeatability in wild adult and captive juvenile turtles (Terrapene carolina): Implications for personality development

Carlson

Tetzlaff

2020

Ethology

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Animal personality can be defined as conspecific individuals consistently differing in behavioral tendencies. Personality is typically identified by behavioral repeatability, which occurs when within-individual variance is low relative to among-individual variance in the population. Intraspecific comparisons of behavioral repeatability in juveniles and adults within and across years are rare, but would be useful for testing hypotheses related to origins of animal personality and whether individuals exhibit stable or diverging behavior with ontogeny. To examine within-and across-year behavioral repeatability for eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina), we assessed boldness (movement latency after brief confinement) of captive-born juveniles twice within three days when eight months old. We then repeated these tests for the same individuals one year later. Juveniles exhibited repeatable boldness within and across years. Although increasing body temperature was slightly associated with decreased movement latency, test year (1 or 2), or housing experience (being raised in an enriched or unenriched condition) had no effects on boldness. We also assessed across-year repeatability of boldness (head emergence from the shell after brief confinement) for wild adults at 1-3 year intervals. Adults also exhibited repeatable across-year boldness that was of similar magnitude to juveniles. We found no indication that sex class or whether adults had been radio-tracked influenced boldness. Our results suggest eastern box turtles demonstrate consistent individuality in boldness from an early age that is largely unaffected by temporal or environmental variation, and these behavioral differences can be maintained for multiple years in captivity and the wild, contrasting with theoretical expectations for personality development. These findings add to recent accumulating evidence demonstrating juvenile and adult box turtles exhibit multiple repeatable behaviors over the short-and long-term. We suggest this species is quickly gaining traction as a model organism for studying the proximate and ultimate causes of personality development within long-lived animals. K E Y W O R D S boldness, developmental stability, eastern box turtle, individual variation, temperament | 669 CARLSON ANd TETZLAFF S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O N Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section. How to cite this article: Carlson BE, Tetzlaff SJ. Long-term behavioral repeatability in wild adult and captive juvenile turtles (Terrapene carolina): Implications for personality development. Ethology. 2020;126:668-678. https://doi.

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Bayesian updating during development predicts genotypic differences in plasticity

Cited by 23 publications

References 97 publications

The effects of exposure to predators on personality and plasticity

The effects of exposure to predators on personality and plasticity

Visual and olfactory cues of predation affect body and brain growth in the guppy

Long‐term behavioral repeatability in wild adult and captive juvenile turtles (Terrapene carolina): Implications for personality development

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